不同有机物料对潮土微团粒分形特征和速效养分的影响

以河南省中低产区砂质潮土为对象,研究不同有机物料（豆秆、玉米秆、鸡粪和猪粪）还田处理对土壤微团粒结构分形和不同粒级有效养分质量分数的影响.结果表明：1）与不施有机物料处理相比,随有机物料添入量增加,0.1 ～0.053mm土壤粒级所占比例高于对照7％～13％,达到5％显著性差异水平;＜0.053 mm土壤粒级的质量分数相应小于对照处理.2）土壤分形维数在2.52～2.72之间,与0.1 ～0.053 mm土壤粒级质量分数存在极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.945;与＜0.053 mm土壤粒级存在极显著正相关,相关系数为0.981.随着从单施到混合配施的处理,有机物料改变微团粒结构的分配比例,分形维数变小.3）与对照相比,有机物料的加入均能使土壤以及各粒级的速效养分质量分数呈显著性增加.施入有机物料后,碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷的质量分数在0.1～0.053 mm土壤粒级中分别比对照提高了168％～528％、141％～1000％和16％ ～ 81％,在＜0.053 mm的粒级中分别比对照提高了13.4％ ～ 44％、17％ ～ 170％和21％ ～66％.土壤碱解氮质量分数表现为秸秆施用（73.1 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥双倍混合施用（69.3 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍施用、猪粪施用（63.0 mg/kg）＞鸡粪施用（59 mg/kg）＞对照（49.9 mg/kg）;速效钾质量分数表现为豆秆施用（140 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥双倍混合施用、玉米秆施（120 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍施用（86.5 mg/kg）＞粪肥施用（76.8 mg/kg）＞对照（56.5 mg/kg）;有效磷质量分数表现为玉米秸秆（40.9 mg/kg）＞粪肥处理、秸秆与粪肥混合处理（35.91 mg/kg）＞豆秆处理（30 mg/kg）＞对照（26.8 mg/kg）;土壤总养分质量分数表现为豆32和玉32处理（259 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥倍量处理及豆16处理（225 mg/kg）＞玉16处理（210 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍量和猪8处理（191 mg/kg）＞鸡粪处理（173 mg/kg）＞猪4处理（161 mg/kg）＞对照处理（133 mg/kg）.总之,施用有机物料处理砂质潮土,无论是不同粒级的养分质量分数还是土壤的速效养分质量分数均得以提高.

Development of Soil Crusts Under Simulated Rainfall and Crust Formation on a Loess Soil as Influenced by Polyacrylamide

This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and dynamic variation in characteristics of soil crust and iden-tified the relationships between soil crust and splash erosion under simulated rainfall.The effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on soil aggregate stabilization and crust formation was also investigated.A laboratory rainfall simulation experiment was carried out using soil sample slices.The slices were examined under a polarized light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results revealed that the soil crusts were thin and were characterized by a greater density,higher shear strength,finer porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity than the underlying soil.Two types of crusts,i.e.,structural and depositional crusts,were observed.Soil texture was determined to be the most important soil variable influ-encing surface crust formation;depositional crust formation was primarily related to the skeleton characteristics of the soil and happened when the soil contained a high level of medium and large aggregates.The crust formation processes observed were as follows:1) The fine particles on the soil surface became spattered,leached,and then rough in response to raindrop impact and 2) the fine particles were washed into the subsoil pores while a compact dense layer concurrently formed at soil surface due to the continual compaction by the raindrops.Therefore,the factors that influenced structural crust formation were a large amount of fine particles in the soil surface,continual impact of raindrops,dispersion of aggregates into fine particles,and the formation of a compact dense layer concurrently at the soil surface.It was concluded that the most important factor in the formation of soil crusts was raindrop impact.When polyacrylamide (PAM) was applied,it restored the soil structure and greatly increased soil aggregate stabilization.This effectively prevented crust formation.However,this function of PAM was not continuously effective and the crust reformed with long-term rainfall.In conclusion,this study showed that soil micromorphological studies were a useful method for evaluating soil crust formation.

Aggregate Development and Organic Matter Storage in Mediterranean Mountain Soils

Soil aggregation and organic matter of soils from the pre-Pyrenean range in Catalonia (NE Spain) were studied,in order to assess their quality as carbon sinks and also to select the best soil management practices to preserve their quality.Aggregate stability,organic carbon and micromorphology were investigated.The highest amount of organic carbon was found in alluvial,deep soils (228 Mg C ha -1 ),and the lowest was in a shallow,stony soil with a low plant cover (78 Mg C ha -1 ).Subsurface horizons of degraded soils under pastures were the ones with smaller and less-stable aggregates.Fresh residues of organic matter (OM) were found mostly in interaggregate spaces.Within the aggregates there were some organic remains that were beginning to decompose,and also impregnative nodules of amorphous OM.Although OM was evenly distributed among the aggregate fractions,the larger blocky peds had more specific surface,contained less decomposed OM and had a lower organic/mineral interphase than smaller crumb aggregates,which were also more stable.Soil carbon storage was affected primarily by the OM inputs in the surface horizons.In order to store organic carbon over the mid- and long-term periods,the mechanisms favouring structuration through biological activity and creating small aggregates with intrapedal stable microporosities seemed to be the most effective.