AIM： To identify the frequency of bacterial growth, the most commonly grown bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility, and risk factors for bacterial colonization in bile collected from patients with different bil...AIM： To identify the frequency of bacterial growth, the most commonly grown bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility, and risk factors for bacterial colonization in bile collected from patients with different biliary dis- eases. METHODS： This prospective study was conducted be- tween April 2010 and August 2011. Patients with vari- ous biliary disorders were included. Bile was aspirated by placing a single-use, 5F, standard sphincterotome catheter into the bile duct before the injection of con- trast agent during endoscopic retrograde cholangio- pancreaticography （ERCP）. Bile specimens were trans- ported to the microbiology laboratory in blood culture bottles within an anaerobic transport system. Bacteria were cultured and identified according to the standard protocol used in our clinical microbiology laboratory. The susceptibilities of the organisms recovered were identified using antimicrobial disks, chosen according tothe initial gram stain of the positive cultures RESULTS： Ninety-one patients （27% male, mean age 53.7 4- 17.5 years, range： 17-86 years） were included in the study. The main indication for ERCP was benign biliary disease in 79 patients and malignant disease in 12 patients. The bile culture was positive for bacterial growth in 46 out of 91 （50.5%） patients. The most frequently encountered organisms were Gram-negative bacteria including Escherich/a coli （28.2%）, Pseudo- monas （17.3%） and Stenotrophomonas rnaltophilia （15.2%）. There were no significant differences between patients with malignant and benign disease （58% vs 49%, P = 0.474）, patients with acute cholangitis and without acute cholangitis （52.9% vs 50%, P = 0.827）, patients who were empirically administered antibiotics before intervention and not administered （51.4% vs 60.7%, P = 0.384）, with regard to the bacteriobilia. We observed a large covering spectrum or low resistance to meropenem, amikacin and imipenem. CONCLUSION： We did not find a significant risk fac- tor for bacteriobilia in patients with biliary obstruction. A bile sample for microbiological analysis may become a valuable diagnostic tool as it leads to more accurate selection of antibiotics for the treatment of cholangitis.展开更多
Microbial adaptation to salinity can be achieved through synthesis of organic osmolytes,which requires high amounts of energy;however,a single addition of plant residues can only temporarily improve energy supply to s...Microbial adaptation to salinity can be achieved through synthesis of organic osmolytes,which requires high amounts of energy;however,a single addition of plant residues can only temporarily improve energy supply to soil microbes.Therefore,a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of soil microbes to increasing salinity with repeated additions of plant residues using a loamy sand soil with an electrical conductivity in saturated paste extract(EC_e) of 0.6 dS m^(-1).The soil was kept non-saline or salinized by adding different amounts of NaCl to achieve EC_e of 12.5,25.0 and 50.0 dS m^(-1).The non-saline soil and the saline soils were amended with finely ground pea residues at two rates equivalent to 3.9 and 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil on days 0,15 and29.The soils receiving no residues were included as a control.Cumulative respiration per g C added over 2 weeks after each residue addition was always greater at 3.9 than 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil and higher in the non-saline soil than in the saline soils.In the saline soils,the cumulative respiration per g C added was higher after the second and third additions than after the first addition except with3.9 g C kg^(-1) at EC_e of 50 dS m^(_1).Though with the same amount of C added(7.8 g C kg^(-1)),salinity reduced soil respiration to a lesser extent when 3.9 g C kg^(-1) was added twice compared to a single addition of 7.8 g C kg^(-1).After the third residue addition,the microbial biomass C concentration was significantly lower in the soils with EC_e of 25 and 50 dS m^(_1) than in the non-saline soil at3.9 g C kg^(-1),but only in the soil with EC_e of 50 dS m^(-1) at 7.8 g C kg^(-1).We concluded that repeated residue additions increased the adaptation of soil microbial community to salinity,which was likely due to high C availability providing microbes with the energy needed for synthesis of organic osmolytes.展开更多
文摘AIM： To identify the frequency of bacterial growth, the most commonly grown bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility, and risk factors for bacterial colonization in bile collected from patients with different biliary dis- eases. METHODS： This prospective study was conducted be- tween April 2010 and August 2011. Patients with vari- ous biliary disorders were included. Bile was aspirated by placing a single-use, 5F, standard sphincterotome catheter into the bile duct before the injection of con- trast agent during endoscopic retrograde cholangio- pancreaticography （ERCP）. Bile specimens were trans- ported to the microbiology laboratory in blood culture bottles within an anaerobic transport system. Bacteria were cultured and identified according to the standard protocol used in our clinical microbiology laboratory. The susceptibilities of the organisms recovered were identified using antimicrobial disks, chosen according tothe initial gram stain of the positive cultures RESULTS： Ninety-one patients （27% male, mean age 53.7 4- 17.5 years, range： 17-86 years） were included in the study. The main indication for ERCP was benign biliary disease in 79 patients and malignant disease in 12 patients. The bile culture was positive for bacterial growth in 46 out of 91 （50.5%） patients. The most frequently encountered organisms were Gram-negative bacteria including Escherich/a coli （28.2%）, Pseudo- monas （17.3%） and Stenotrophomonas rnaltophilia （15.2%）. There were no significant differences between patients with malignant and benign disease （58% vs 49%, P = 0.474）, patients with acute cholangitis and without acute cholangitis （52.9% vs 50%, P = 0.827）, patients who were empirically administered antibiotics before intervention and not administered （51.4% vs 60.7%, P = 0.384）, with regard to the bacteriobilia. We observed a large covering spectrum or low resistance to meropenem, amikacin and imipenem. CONCLUSION： We did not find a significant risk fac- tor for bacteriobilia in patients with biliary obstruction. A bile sample for microbiological analysis may become a valuable diagnostic tool as it leads to more accurate selection of antibiotics for the treatment of cholangitis.
文摘Microbial adaptation to salinity can be achieved through synthesis of organic osmolytes,which requires high amounts of energy;however,a single addition of plant residues can only temporarily improve energy supply to soil microbes.Therefore,a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of soil microbes to increasing salinity with repeated additions of plant residues using a loamy sand soil with an electrical conductivity in saturated paste extract(EC_e) of 0.6 dS m^(-1).The soil was kept non-saline or salinized by adding different amounts of NaCl to achieve EC_e of 12.5,25.0 and 50.0 dS m^(-1).The non-saline soil and the saline soils were amended with finely ground pea residues at two rates equivalent to 3.9 and 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil on days 0,15 and29.The soils receiving no residues were included as a control.Cumulative respiration per g C added over 2 weeks after each residue addition was always greater at 3.9 than 7.8 g C kg^(-1) soil and higher in the non-saline soil than in the saline soils.In the saline soils,the cumulative respiration per g C added was higher after the second and third additions than after the first addition except with3.9 g C kg^(-1) at EC_e of 50 dS m^(_1).Though with the same amount of C added(7.8 g C kg^(-1)),salinity reduced soil respiration to a lesser extent when 3.9 g C kg^(-1) was added twice compared to a single addition of 7.8 g C kg^(-1).After the third residue addition,the microbial biomass C concentration was significantly lower in the soils with EC_e of 25 and 50 dS m^(_1) than in the non-saline soil at3.9 g C kg^(-1),but only in the soil with EC_e of 50 dS m^(-1) at 7.8 g C kg^(-1).We concluded that repeated residue additions increased the adaptation of soil microbial community to salinity,which was likely due to high C availability providing microbes with the energy needed for synthesis of organic osmolytes.
