SF_6微水在线检测系统的实用技术

本文介绍了SF_6气体温、湿度及压力在线检测装置的构成,概述了系统的主要功能的实现。

基于微水发电系统的智慧农业物联网设备研发及应用

鉴于中国水资源短缺且农业灌溉用水有效利用率低的现状,为提高农业灌溉用水效率与效能,加快高科技智慧型农业设备研发与推广,降低农业投入以及农业用水的比例,采用数值模拟与模型试验相结合的方法,制定四因素三水平的正交试验优化方案,对9种不同方案在设计流量点处的新型微型管道水轮机性能进行计算,并进行物理模型试验验证.研究结果表明:水轮机内的压力脉动主要受到叶片通过频率和导叶通过频率的影响;在设计流量点处,优化后的水轮机出力为6.30 W,效率为85.13%,与初步设计方案相比,分别提高了32.35%和2.58%.同时研发了智慧农业物联网前端与终端系统,建立一个集自发电、环境监测、远程控制、情况预警、生长状况分析于一体的综合性农业物联网智能管理系统,极大地方便了用户,为实现智能化种植、养殖技术提供了一种切实可行的方案.

SF6微水在线检测系统概述

本文介绍了SF6气体湿度在线检测装置的构成;概述了系统的主要功能。

不同给药方式下环丙沙星在模拟水生态系统中的归趋

采用不同的给药方式对环丙沙星(CPFX)在模拟水生态系统中的归趋进行研究,包括环丙沙星在水体、沉积物、生物体(皇冠草、河蚬、异育银鲫)等不同分配相及生物体不同组织、器官中的含量、分布以及迁移、富集等动态变化过程。结果表明:CPFX进入模拟水生态系统后,水体中药物浓度下降迅速,3种给药方式下,最高浓度不超过15.30μg.L-1。底泥表现出明显的吸附积累,而且长时间地保持高浓度残留;在饲料给药方式下,底泥药物浓度最高可达2379.67μg.L-1。水生生物对CPFX有不同程度的富集和残留,水草对CPFX的吸收较多,尤其是叶片部分,药物浓度最高可达899.83μg.L-1;河蚬、鱼体对CPFX有一定的吸收积累,停药15d后,河蚬、鱼体内仍有明显的残留,不同组织对CPFX的吸收积累存在显著差别,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高。3种给药方式导致的鱼体内药物残留量大小依次是:饲料给药>混合给药>水体给药。

环丙沙星在模拟水生态系统中的动态研究

利用高效液相色谱法对环丙沙星(CPFX)在微宇宙模拟水生态系统中的归趋,包括CPFX在水体、沉积物、生物体[皇冠草(Echinodorus amazonicus)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)]等不同分配相及生物体不同组织中的动态变化过程进行了研究。结果表明:在模拟水生态系统中加入500.00μg.L-1CPFX后,药物部分被水生生物所吸收,部分沉降进入底泥中。在各相中的CPFX残留量随时间不断变化,1 d内水体中药物含量降至15.30μg.L-1,而底泥中药物含量升至385.57μg.kg-1。CPFX不同程度地富集和残留于水生生物体中,皇冠草对CPFX的吸收量大,尤其是叶片部分1 d内含量高达795.43μg.kg-1,随后逐步降低;河蚬、异育银鲫对CPFX有明显的吸收积累,并且在体内的残留时间可长达45 d,不同组织对CPFX的吸收积累存在明显差异,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高。不同生物体中CPFX的分布和富集存在着较大差异,其趋势为皇冠草>河蚬>异育银鲫。

三氯异氰尿酸在模拟水生态系统中归趋的研究

利用高效液相色谱法对三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)在微宇宙模拟水生态系统中的归趋,包括TCCA在水体、沉积物、生物体(皇冠草、河蚬、异育银鲫)等不同分配相及生物体不同组织中的分布、富集以及迁移等动态变化过程进行了研究。结果表明:TCCA进入模拟水生态系统后,除发生水解外,其余或被水生生物所吸收,或者沉降进入底泥中。水生生物对TCCA有不同程度的富集和残留。水草对TCCA的吸收较大,尤其是叶片部分;河蚬、鱼体对TCCA具有明显的吸收积累,并且在体内的残留时间较长,不同组织对TCCA的吸收积累存在明显的差别,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高。不同生物对TCCA的分布和富集存在着较大的差异,其趋势为皇冠草>河蚬>异育银鲫。

非水介质中脂肪酶催化亚油酸油醇酯合成的研究

利用实验室自制及购买的几种脂肪酶制剂催化的酯化反应来制备亚油酸油醇酯，其中本实验室制备的丝孢酵母脂肪酸酯化效果最好，作为进一步研究的实验用酶。以正己烷为反应溶剂，在微水系统中对影响亚油酸油醉酯合成的各种因素进行了研究，确定酯化反应合成的最适温度为３５℃，０～１００℃反应１０ｈ的酯化率均可达到９０％，最适酯化ｐＨ为８．０，最适底物浓度为０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最适水含量为０．０５％，在选用的１１种有机溶剂中，以环己烷的酯化率最高，二甲亚砜最低。

盐酸环丙沙星在不同模拟水体中的降解与残留

通过反相高效液相色谱法研究在不同模拟水体中,溶液质量浓度、pH对盐酸环丙沙星(CPFX)在水和底泥中含量变化的影响,分析其在模拟水体中降解和残留规律。研究结果表明:在1、5、10 mg.L-1三个CPFX溶液质量浓度中,光降解度最高的溶液质量浓度为1 mg.L-1,自然光照下,72 h后盐酸环丙沙星在有底泥和无底泥的水体中残留率分别为19%和20%,光降解率与初始质量浓度成反比。在pH分别为3、5、9、11条件下,pH=9的微碱性环境下最易光降解,而当pH=3时其光稳定性最佳,48 h后水体残留率分别为22.6%和95.7%。盐酸环丙沙星进入模拟水生态系统后,水体中CPFX质量浓度迅速下降,45 d后检测不到它的存在;底泥中CPFX质量分数迅速上升,之后缓慢下降,45 d后底泥中仍有一定残留量,达到93.86μg.kg-1。

水封器用于分离水的自动排放

根据水封器的工作原理，将水封器用于分离水的自动排放，并经实践证明其可靠性极高，该方法适用于微正压气水分离系统。

Bioturbation Effects of Benthic Fish on Soil Microorganism of Paddy Field

[Objective]The research aimed to explore the bioturbation effects of benthic fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus on soil microorganism（microflora,biomass,and special physiological groups） of paddy field.[Method]The experiments were conducted locally and quantitatively in field,using plate count and MPN methods.[Result]In the microflora of paddy soil tested,the quantity of bacteria is the largest,followed by actinomycetes and fungus.Compared with the control paddy fields,in rice-fish paddy fields the quantities of bacteria,actinomycetes and fungus were higher,at significance level P 〈0.05,P 〈0.01,and P 〈0.01 respectively.The microbial biomass C and N in rice-fish paddy fields is remarkably higher than those in control paddy fields,both at significance level P 〈0.01;the microbial biomass P in rice-fish paddy fields is higher than that in control paddy fields,but at significance level P 〈0.05.Benthic fish promotes the growth of soil azotobacter,cellulolytic bacteria,nitrobacteria,sulfur bacteria,and ammonifying bacteria,restricts the reproduction of nitrate reducing bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria.[Conclusion]The benthic fish had important effects on microflora,microbial biomass,and special microorganism physiological groups of paddy soil,improves the living conditions of soil microorganisms,promotes the soil fertility and bio-chemical activity,which is beneficial for improving the supply ability of soil nutrients such as N,P,S,as well as the efficiency of nutrient utilization.

Variability of micropollutants and microorganisms in water distribution system

The variation of water quality in water distribution system was investigated with assimilable organic carbon (AOC)and trihalomethanes(THMs) used as assessment indexes. Bacterium was identified in water distribution. The result showed that there were pathogenic parasites in water distribution system. The variation of AOC is related to chlorine residual and bacterium activity, and AOC concentration decreased first and then increased with the extension of water distribution system. The formation of THMs was related to the consumption of chlorine inside the distribution system, and THMs concentration increased with the extension of water pipe line.

Interactions between a cyanobacterial bloom (Microcystis) and the submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum oryzetorum Kom.

In aquatic ecosystems, macrophytes and phytoplankton are main primary producers, in which macrophyte plays an important role in maintaining clear water state, while phytoplankton often dominates in turbid waterbodies. In the present study, the growth and photosynthetic activity of the submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum oryzetorum Kom. in different cell densities of cyanobacterial bloom are studied. The results show that the plant length and fresh mass of C. oryzetorum are promoted by low cyanobacterial cell densities. Medium and high cyanobacterial cell densities, on the contrary, act as inhibitory. Furthermore, the photosynthetic activity of C. oryzetorum is strongly inhibited by high cyanobacterial cell densities. To a certain extent, the growth of cyanobacteria is inhibited by C. oryzetorurn, but no significant effect is found in this study.

Preparation of Thermosensitive Chitosan Formulations Containing 5-Fluorouracil/Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Microparticles Used as Injectable Drug Delivery System

The auto-gelling and drug release properties of the thermosensitive chitosan-β-glycerophosphate formulation were investigated. According to rheological study, gelation lag time of chitosan/β-glycerophosphate （GP） solutions varied from 2 to 60min with different deacetylation degree of chitosan, pH, gelation temperature, and the particles in the sol. The gelation properties were also found to influence the release profilles of a hydrophilic drug, 5-fluorouracil （5-FU）. Morphological examination by scanning electron microphotography demonstrated that large ＂pores＂ occurred during the gel-forming process, which created hydrophilic environment and led to the rapid initial release of the drug （85% in f＇LrSt 8h）. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate （PHB）, a biodegradable material, was applied here as scaffold to capture 5-FU into microparticles with high encapsulation efficiency by solvent-nonsolvent method. Combination of these microparticles into the chitosan-β-GP formulation could drop the rapid initial release from 85% down to 29% in the optimized PHB content （75%, by mass）. The release could sustain for about 10 months. Tiffs study provided an understanding of the potential of injectable implant using thermosensitive chitosan-β-GP formulation containing PHB based particles for the water soluble drugs that need the property of long-term delivery.

Contour Laser Guiding for the Mechanized ＂Vallerani＂ Micro-catchment Water Harvesting Systems

Mechanized construction of micro-catchments for water harvesting （WH） was successfully tested in the Badia （dry rangeland） areas in Syria and Jordan, using the ＂Vallerani＂ plow, model Delfino （50 MI/CM）, manufactured by Nardi, Italy. The plow was able to construct intermittent and continuous contour ridges, and could potentially be used to rehabilitate degraded rangelands. However, one major issue for large-scale implementation is the high cost and time required to manually identify contours for the plow to follow. Most existing auto-guiding systems, as usually used in road construction and agricultural land leveling, were expensive or impractical. The objective, therefore, was to add, adapt, and evaluate an auto-guiding system to enable a tractor to follow contours without demarcation through conventional surveying. A low-cost Contour Laser Guiding （CLG） system, with specifications that suit the contour ridging in undulating topographic conditions of dry rangelands, was chosen, adapted, mounted, and tested, under actual field conditions. The system consisted mainly of a portable laser transmitter and a tractor-mounted receiver, connected to a guidance display panel. The system was field-tested on 95 ha of land where the system capacity was determined under different terrains, slopes （1-8%）, and ridge spacings （4-12 m）. The easy adaptation and implementation of the CLG to the ＂Vallerani＂ unit tripled the system capacity, improved efficiency and precision, and substantially reduced the cost of constructing micro-catchments for WH. The system is recommended for large-scale rangeland rehabilitation projects in the dry areas, not only in West Asia, but worldwide.

Permeability variation characteristics of coal after injecting carbon dioxide into a coal seam

A theoretical basis for the optimization of carbon dioxide injection parameters and the development of the drainage system can be provided by identifying the permeability change characteristic of coal and rock after injection of carbon dioxide into the coal seam. Sihe, Yuwu, and Changcun mines were used as research sites. Scanning electron microscopy and permeability instruments were used to measure coal properties such as permeability and surface structure of the coal samples at different pH values of carbon dioxide solution and over different timescales. The results show that the reaction between minerals in coal and carbonate solution exhibit positive and negative aspects of permeability-the dissolution reaction between carbonate minerals in coal and acid solution improves the conductivity of coal whilst, on the other hand, the clay minerals in the coal （mainly including montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite） exhibit expansion as a result of ion exchange with the H~ in acid solution, which has a negative effect on the per- meability of the coal. The permeability of coal samples increased at first and then decreased with immer- sion time, and when the soaking time is 2-3 months the permeability of the coal reached a maximum. In general, for coals with permeabilities less than 0.2 mD or greater than 2 roD, the effect on the permeabil- ity is low： when the permeability of the coal is in the range 0.2-2 mD, the effect on the permeability is highest. Research into permeability change characteristics can provide a theoretical basis for carbon diox- ide injection under different reservoir permeability conditions and subsequent drainage.

Minimization of Phenols and Phenolic Compounds in Pulp and Paper Industries： Biological Approaches

The liquid effluents released from several industries including the pulp and paper industries contain phenol and phenolic compounds. The hazardous phenols and their chlorinated phenolic derivatives from pulp and paper industries bear the potential to exert deleterious effects on the human health and aquatic ecosystems, if they are released untreated in the environment. Biodegradation of phenolic compounds in the effluent streams from pulp and paper industries is an important eco-friendly method for the removal of toxicity in industrial waste water, while the minimization of formation of these toxic compounds require several in-plant biotechnological techniques such as biopulping and biobleaching. Present paper reviews, the biochemical pathways involved in degradation of phenols and chlorophenols through microorganisms. Various biotechnological strategies involved in minimization and biodegradation of phenol and phenolic compounds and their related environmental engineering aspects such as utility of different bioreactor configurations have been discussed for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents.

Toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes on green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis

Nanoparticles,or particles in size of 1-100 nm,are extensively used in the world in different applications.For instance,single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) are commonly used in consumer products,such as biosensors,drug and vaccine delivery transporters,and novel biomaterials.Although nanoparticles do not cause safety concerns to consumers who use nanoparticle-containing products,these small particles are potentially harmful for workers who produce them in factories or in cases of discharge to aquatic ecosystems.SWCNTs do not have a natural analogue,so the effects on health of their disposal remain largely unknown.In this study,we evaluated the effects of SWCNTs on a population of the green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis and the profile and production of pigments and fatty acids.The alga was incubated with SWCNTs for 6 days in 0(control),40,80,160,or 320 mg/L concentrations.SWCNTs showed both positive and negative effects on the growth of C.zofingiensis,with a biomass enhancement at low levels(40-160 mg/L) but inhibition at high levels(320 mg/L).By contrast,a decreased accumulation of fatty acids and pigments of C.zofingiensis was observed over the range of the tested concentrations.These results indicate that the markers on the inhibitive toxicity of SWCNTs are increasingly sensitive in the following order:biomass and fatty acids < primary carotenoids < chlorophylls < secondary carotenoids.C.zofingiensis is a suitable microalga for evaluating the ecotoxicological hazards of SWCNTs,especially in terms of pigmentation response.

Microbial Removal from Secondary Treated Wastewater Using a Hybrid System of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis

The efficiency of advanced membranes towards removal of general and specific microbes from wastewater was investigated. The treatment included a subsequent system of activated sludge, ultrafiltration （hollow fibre membranes with 100 kDa cut-off, and spiral wound membranes with 20 kDa cut-off）, and RO （reverse osmosis）. The removal evaluation of screened microbes present in treated wastewater showed that hollow fibre membrane rejected only 1 log （90% rejection） of the TPC （total microbial count）, TC （total coliforms）, and FC （faecal coliforms）. A higher effectiveness was observed with spiral wound, removing 2-3 logs （99%-99.9%） of TPC and complete rejection of TC and FC. The RO system was successful in total rejection of all received bacteria. The removal evaluation of inoculated specific types of bacteria showed that the hollow membranes removed 2 logs （99%） of inoculated E. coli （10^7-10^8 cfu/mL inoculum）, 2-3 logs （99%-99.9%） of Enterococus spp. （10^7-10^10 cfu/mL inoculum）, 1-2 logs （90%-99%） of Salmonella （10^8-10^10 cfu/mL inoculum） and 1-2 logs （90%-99%） of Shigella （10^5-10^6 cfu/mL inoculum）. The spiral wound was significantly efficient in rejecting further 3 logs of E. coil, 5 logs of Enterococus spp., 4 logs of Salmonella, and a complete rejection of all received bacteria was accomplished by RO membrane. The results indicate that Gram positive bacteria were removed much more efficiently compared to the Gram negative ones, the rationale behind such behaviour is based on cell walls elasticity.

Microbial community study in a petrochemical industry wastewater treatment system by PCR-DGGE

To improve the efficiency of petrochemical wastewater purification, the relationship between bacterial community structure and pollutants loading/degrading rates in A/O process for petrochemical wastewater treatment was investigated by denaturing gradient gel eleetrophoresis （DGGE） of the 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Results show that while the influent COD and NH4^＋ -N concentrations are 425.92 -560 mg/L and 64 - 100 mg/L respectively, the corresponding average concentrations of the effluent are 160 mg/L and 55 mg/L, which are 1. 6 and 3.6 times more than the national standards respectively. It demonstrates that the performance of pollutants removal process is inefficient. The analysis of PCR-DGGE profile indicates that the bacterial community structure of the activated sludge in A/O system is species-rich but unstable, and the highest and the lowest similarity coefficients are 36% and 6. 25% respectively, which shows that remarkable community structure evolution exists in the system. The variation of bacterial community structure and pollutants loading influences the removal efficiency of pollutants obviously, and relatively stable com- munity structure leads to the stable operational performance of biological wastewater treatment system.

Aquatic Toxicities of Three Aryloxyphenoxypropanoic Acid Herbicides on Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Pesticides will be released into aquatic systems after application in agriculture or industry. AOPPs （aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acids） herbicides, including fenoxaprop, quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl, can pose aquatic toxicity on cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa （Microcystis aeruginosa）. The inhibition percentages of the biomass of M. aeruginosa exposure to 10 mg＇L-I fenoxaprop, quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl on day 7 were 23.13%, 7.55%, and 7.56%, respectively. Protein content was also inhibited by the three AOPPs to fenoxaprop is the most toxic, followed by quizalofop-P-ethyl varying degrees. The growth and protein content results showed that and haloxyfop-methyl. It indicates that both the biomass and the protein content can be served as an indicator for evaluating the toxicity of the three chemicals. Growth rates of M. aeruginosa exposure to fenoxaprop are also the most significantly different compared to the control, which means that fenoxaprop is the most toxic among the three compounds. Results from this study may provide insights for evaluation of environmental risks of AOPPs. In addition, such insights will be helpful for guiding the application of AOPPs in agriculture.