Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health a...Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. Here, we focus on the interactions between the human microbiota and the host in order to provide an overview of the microbial role in basic biological processes and in the development and progression of major human diseases such as infectious diseases, liver diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, mental or psychological diseases, and autoimmune diseases. We also review important advances in techniques associated with microbial research, such as DNA sequencing, metabonomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.Current research on the human microbiota has become much more sophisticated and more comprehensive.Therefore, we propose that research should focus on the host-microbe interaction and on causeeffect mechanisms, which could pave the way to an understanding of the role of gut microbiota in health and disease, and provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.展开更多
Soil microorganisms are sensitive indicator of soil health and quality. Understanding the effects of vegetation biomass and seasonal change on soil microorganisms is vital to evaluate the soil quality and implement ve...Soil microorganisms are sensitive indicator of soil health and quality. Understanding the effects of vegetation biomass and seasonal change on soil microorganisms is vital to evaluate the soil quality and implement vegetation restoration. This study analyzed the soil phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) in fresh and withered Kudzu(Pueraria montana var. lobata) vegetation conditions in different seasons. The results showed that vegetation biomass and seasonal change significantly affected microbial biomass and its community structure. Both fresh and withered Kudzu cover significantly increased soil microbial biomass, and the growth effect of microbes in the soil with fresh Kudzu cover was more obvious than that with withered Kudzu cover. Compared with the dry season, the rainy season significantly increased the microbial biomass and the B/F(the ratio of bacterial to fungal PLFAs) ratio but dramatically reduced the G+/G-(the ratio of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria PLFAs). Kudzu cover and seasonal change had a significant effect on microbial structure in soil covered by higher vegetation biomass. Furthermore, soil temperature and moisture had different correlations with specific microbial biomass in the two seasons. Our findings highlight the effect of Kudzu vine cover on the soil microenvironment and soil microhabitat, enhancing the soil quality in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River, Southwest China.展开更多
The demands of increasing population coupled with the desire of most people for a higher material standard of living are resulting in worldwide increasing pollution on a massive scale. In some cases, pollution is a cl...The demands of increasing population coupled with the desire of most people for a higher material standard of living are resulting in worldwide increasing pollution on a massive scale. In some cases, pollution is a clear-cut phenomenon （e.g., emissions from an old industrial plant）. Sometimes it is difficult to be identified （e.g., microbial pollution） and in others lies largely in the eyes of the beholder （e.g., noise pollution）. Outdoor air pollutants are contaminants which are present in the ambient air and have detrimental effects on human health or upon its environment. The aim of this literature review study is the comprehensive presentation of the major pollutants, which are commonly determined in studies in urban environment, as well as emerging pollutants with important impact in human health. The sources, the sampling and monitoring methods of these pollutants are discussed. In addition, this study contains critical up to date legislation issues concerning environmental pollution coming from these contaminants and, finally, their impact on public health.展开更多
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program, 2013CB531401）, the Major Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province （2014C03039）, and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province （R16H260001）. We acknowledge Doctors Chunlei Chen, Bo Li, Jing Guo, Ding Shi, Qiongling Bao, Silan Gu, Yanfei Chen, Kai Zhou, Qixiang Luo, Ruiqi Tang, and Xiangyang Jiang for the literature search and the preparation for the manuscript. We also thank the reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments.
文摘Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. Here, we focus on the interactions between the human microbiota and the host in order to provide an overview of the microbial role in basic biological processes and in the development and progression of major human diseases such as infectious diseases, liver diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, mental or psychological diseases, and autoimmune diseases. We also review important advances in techniques associated with microbial research, such as DNA sequencing, metabonomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.Current research on the human microbiota has become much more sophisticated and more comprehensive.Therefore, we propose that research should focus on the host-microbe interaction and on causeeffect mechanisms, which could pave the way to an understanding of the role of gut microbiota in health and disease, and provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0505102)the National Basic Research Programme (973 Programme) of China (2015CB452704)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41571277)the Key Programme of the “Western Light” Talents Cultivation programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2014)
文摘Soil microorganisms are sensitive indicator of soil health and quality. Understanding the effects of vegetation biomass and seasonal change on soil microorganisms is vital to evaluate the soil quality and implement vegetation restoration. This study analyzed the soil phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) in fresh and withered Kudzu(Pueraria montana var. lobata) vegetation conditions in different seasons. The results showed that vegetation biomass and seasonal change significantly affected microbial biomass and its community structure. Both fresh and withered Kudzu cover significantly increased soil microbial biomass, and the growth effect of microbes in the soil with fresh Kudzu cover was more obvious than that with withered Kudzu cover. Compared with the dry season, the rainy season significantly increased the microbial biomass and the B/F(the ratio of bacterial to fungal PLFAs) ratio but dramatically reduced the G+/G-(the ratio of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria PLFAs). Kudzu cover and seasonal change had a significant effect on microbial structure in soil covered by higher vegetation biomass. Furthermore, soil temperature and moisture had different correlations with specific microbial biomass in the two seasons. Our findings highlight the effect of Kudzu vine cover on the soil microenvironment and soil microhabitat, enhancing the soil quality in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River, Southwest China.
文摘The demands of increasing population coupled with the desire of most people for a higher material standard of living are resulting in worldwide increasing pollution on a massive scale. In some cases, pollution is a clear-cut phenomenon （e.g., emissions from an old industrial plant）. Sometimes it is difficult to be identified （e.g., microbial pollution） and in others lies largely in the eyes of the beholder （e.g., noise pollution）. Outdoor air pollutants are contaminants which are present in the ambient air and have detrimental effects on human health or upon its environment. The aim of this literature review study is the comprehensive presentation of the major pollutants, which are commonly determined in studies in urban environment, as well as emerging pollutants with important impact in human health. The sources, the sampling and monitoring methods of these pollutants are discussed. In addition, this study contains critical up to date legislation issues concerning environmental pollution coming from these contaminants and, finally, their impact on public health.
