科学家为新的生物燃料生产用微生物催化剂申请专利

据美国奥斯丁的德州大学科学家报道，一种新发现的微生物能够生产出纤维素并转化为乙醇和其他生物燃料。如果能实现规模化生产，这种微生物将可为我们提供大量的运输用燃料。除了纤维素外，这种氰基微生物还能集聚起葡萄糖和蔗糖。这些糖类都是生产乙醇的主要原料。科学家说，他们发现的这种氰基微生物可以在非农业用地上建设的生产装置中用不适于人类或农作物使用的盐水来培养生长。

β-酮酯不对称催化氢化反应研究进展

不对称合成是当代有机合成的热点,不对称催化方法是获取单一异构手性化合物最具有前景的方法之一。本文综述了近年来用微生物和金属手性催化剂催化氢化β-酮酯的基础研究进展。

基于SBR法的聚合铁的合成

讨论了以工业硫酸亚铁为基本原料合成聚合铁的一种新方法。利用 SBR技术 ,以微生物为催化剂 ,以空气为氧化剂 ,在常温常压下氧化硫酸亚铁 ,经水解、聚合反应生成聚合铁。制得的聚合铁酸度低 ,盐基度高 ,对低温低浊水有独特的处理效果。

鱼蛋白在苹果上的应用试验

美国普利登鱼蛋白有机肥是以深海鱼类提取的鱼蛋白为主要原料，配以深海植物提取的有效中微量元素、植物生长因子、酶等微生物催化剂的纯天然液体有机肥。有机质（鱼蛋白）含量大于30％，氨基酸大于10％，氮磷钾总养分含量大于6％（4-1-1）。此外，还含有多种微量元素，营养均衡，有利于作物吸收利用。为了解该产品对苹果生长发育和果实品质的影响，我们于2007年进行了田间试验，取得了较好的效果。现将试验结果总结如下。

新型高效肥料——美国普利登鱼蛋白有机肥

美国普利登（SW）鱼蛋白有机肥是一种新型高效肥料，是生产无公害、绿色、有机食晶的良好肥料。该肥料利用现代生化成型技术，以深海鱼类提取的鱼蛋白为主要原料，配以深海植物提取的有效中微量元素、植物生长因子、酶等微生物催化剂，在美国本土生产的纯天然液体有机肥。其内有机质（鱼蛋白）含量≥30％，

鱼蛋白在苹果树上的应用试验

美国普利登鱼蛋白有机肥是以深海鱼类提取的鱼蛋白为主要原料，配以深海植物提取的有效中微量元素、植物生长因子、酶等微生物催化剂的纯天然液体有机肥，有机质含量大于30％，氨基酸含量大于10％，氮磷钾总养分含量大于6％。2007对红富士苹果进行了田间试验，取得了较好的效果。

Effect of endogenous hydrogen utilization on improved methane production in an integrated microbial electrolysis cell and anaerobic digestion： Employing catalyzed stainless steel mesh cathode

Improving the production of methane, while maintaining a significant level of process stability, is the main challenge in the anaerobic digestion process. Recently, microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) has become a promising method for CO_2 reduction produced during anaerobic digestion(AD) and leads to minimize the cost of biogas upgrading technology. In this study, the MEC-AD coupled reactor was used to generate and utilize the endogenous hydrogen by employing biocompatible electrodeposited cobalt-phosphate as catalysts to improve the performance of stainless steel mesh and carbon cloth electrodes. In addition, the modified version of ADM1 model(ADM1 da) was used to simulate the process. The result indicated that the MEC-AD coupled reactor can improve the CH_4 yield and production rate significantly. The CH_4 yield was enhanced with an average of 48% higher than the control. The CH_4 production rate was also increased 1.65 times due to the utilization of endogenous hydrogen.The specific yield, flow rate, content of CH_4, and p H value were the variables that the model was best at predicting(with indexes of agreement: 0.960/0.941, 0.682/0.696, 0.881/0.865, and 0.764/0.743) of the process with SSmeshes 80/SS-meshes 200, respectively. Employing the catalyzed SS mesh cathode, in the MEC-AD coupled reactor, could be an effective approach to generate and facilitate the utilization of endogenous hydrogen in anaerobic digestion of CH_4 production technology, which is a promising and feasible method to scale up to the industrial level.

Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of diallyl disulfide

Diallyl disulfide was synthesized by phase transfer catalyst （PTC） during microwave irradiation. The effects of different factors, such as the power of microwave irradiation, the time of microwave irradiation, PTC reagents amount and the mole ratio of reactants, on the yield of product were investigated. The structure of diallyl disulfide was characterized by infrared spectra, mass spectra and ^1 H nuclear magnetic resonance. The bioactivity of diallyl disulfide was evaluated by cell viability assay on HepG2 hepatoma cells. The results show that the optimal reaction conditions are as follows： tetrabutylammonium bromide（TBAB） selected as a PTC, the mass ratio of TBAB to sodium disulfide of 0.021 ： 1, the power of irradiation of 195 W, the reaction time of 12 rain, and the mole ratio of sodium disulfide to allyl chloride of 0.65 ： 1. The yield of diallyl disulfide is 82.2%. The synthetical diallyl disulfide appears to be cytotoxic to HepG2 heoatoma cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Ferroelectric solid solution Li1-xTa1-xWxO3 as potential photocatalysts in microbial fuel cells:Effect of the W content

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)are bio-electrochemical systems that can directly convert the chemical energy contained in an effluent into bioelectricity by the action of microorganisms.The performance of these devices is heavily impacted by the choice of the material that forms the cathode.This work focuses on the assessment of ferroelectric and photocatalytic materials as a new class of non-precious catalysts for MFC cathode construction.A series of cathodes based on mixed oxide solid solution of LiTaO_3with WO_3formulated as Li_(1-x)Ta_(1-x)W_xO_3(x=0,0.10,0.20 and0.25),were prepared and investigated in MFCs.The catalyst phases were synthesized,identified and characterized by DRX,PSD,MET and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy.The cathodes were tested as photoelectrocatalysts in the presence and in the absence of visible light in devices fed with industrial wastewater.The results revealed that the catalytic activity of the cathodes strongly depends on the ratio of substitution of W^(6+)in the LiTaO_3matrix.The maximum power densities generated by the MFC working with this series of cathodes increased from60.45 mW·m^(-3)for x=0.00(LiTaO_3)to 107.2 mW·m^(-3)for x=0.10,showing that insertion of W^(6+)in the tantalate matrix can improve the photocatalytic activity of this material.Moreover,MFCs operating under optimal conditions were capable of reducing the load of chemical oxygen demand by 79%(COD_(initial)=1030 mg·L^(-1)).

Conversion of Biomass to Hydrocarbon-rich Bio-oil via Microwave-assisted Catalytic Pyrolysis： A Review

The method for pyrolysis of biomass to manufacture hydrocarbon-rich fuel remains challenging in terms of conversion of multifunctional biomass with high oxygen content and low thermal stability into a high-quality compound, featuring high content of hydrocarbons, low oxygen content, few functional groups, and high thermal stability. This study offers a promising prospect to derive hydrocarbon-rich oil through microwave-assisted fast catalytic pyrolysis by improving the effective hydrogen to carbon ratio(H/Ceff) of the raw materials. The proposed technique can promote the production of high-quality bio-oil through the molecular sieve catalyzed reduction of oxygenated compounds and mutagenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This work aims to review and summarize the research progress on microwave copyrolysis and microwave catalytic copyrolysis to demonstrate their benefits on enhancement of bio-oils derived from the biomass. This review focuses on the potential of optimizing the H/Ceff ratio, the microwave absorbent, and the HZSM-5 catalyst during the microwave copyrolysis to produce the valuable liquid fuel. This paper also proposes future directions for the use of this technique to obtain high yields of bio-oils.

日本拟建废弃物制乙醇、乙醇制乙烯装置

近日,日本积水化学(Sekisui)与美国朗泽科技公司(LanzaTech)签署合作协议,将在日本开发多个废弃物制乙醇、乙醇制乙烯装置。双方计划部署一个将城市固体废弃物和工业固体废弃物转换为合成气,并使用微生物催化剂和气体净化技术将合成气转化为乙醇的平台,该技术不需要化学催化剂、热量或压力。与现有乙醇生产工艺相比,该方法CO_(2)排放量低。

Spontaneously producing syngas from MFC-MEC coupling system based on biocompatible bifunctional metal-free electrocatalyst

The preparation of high-value fuels and chemicals through the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CDRR)is of great significance to the virtuous cycle of carbon dioxide.However,due to the high overpotential involved in this reaction,high power consumption and high-cost noble-metal-based catalysts are required for driving this process.Herein,the electrochemical CDRR was achieved on biocompatible metal-free nitrogen,phosphorus co-doped carbon-based materials(NP-C)in the microbial fuel cell-microbial electrolysis cell(MFC-MEC)coupling system.As the bioelectrochemistry in MFC supplied power to drive the electrocatalysis in MEC,syngas was spontaneously produced from this coupling system without external energy input.With the NP-C materials as the excellent bifunctional electrocatalyst for the CDRR and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the current density of the MEC reached−0.52 mA cm^−2,and the Faradaic efficiencies(FEs)of CO and H2 were 60%and 40%,respectively,at a load resistance of 10Ω.Moreover,the CO/H2 product ratio can be changed by adjusting the load resistance,which will widely meet various demand of syngas usage in further reactions.This study provides a spontaneous and tunable production of syngas in biogas digesters via a electrochemical strategy.

Graphene-supported platinum catalysts for fuel cells

Increasing concerns with non-renewable energy sources drive research and development of sustainable energy technology. Fuel cells have become a central part in solving challenges associated with energy conversion. This review summarizes recent development of catalysts used for fuel cells over the past 15 years. It is focused on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells as an environmentally benign and feasible energy source. Graphene is used as a promising support material for Pt catalysts. It ensures high catalyst loading, good electro- catalysis and stability. Attention has been drawn to structural sensitivity of the catalysts, as well as polymetallic and nanos- tructured catalysts in order to improve the oxygen reduction reaction. Characterization methods including electrochemical, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are summarized with an overview of the latest technological advances in the field. Future perspective is given in a form of Pt-free catalysts, such as microbial fuel cells for long-term development.