北方农牧交错带(武川县)土壤微生物数量分布及层化比率研究

采用田间采样及室内培养方法，对内蒙古武川县耕地、退耕还灌地和放牧草原3种类型土地土壤微生物各类群的数量分布和层化比率进行了研究。结果表明：在土壤耕作层（0～30cm）土壤微生物数量呈逐层下降趋势，3种类型土地的土壤微生物总数相差不大，3种类型土地土壤微生物层化比率存在明显差异。同时提出了土壤微生物层化比率的概念，并认为土壤微生物层化比率可能是一个比较好的指示动态土壤质量（土壤演替方向）的指标，当一个区域土壤微生物层化比率大于2时，土地一般不会发生退化现象。在研究的3块实验区域中，耕地存在较高的退化风险．退耕还灌地正处于逐步恢复的阶段，放牧草原依然存在逐步退化的趋势。

从微观角度认识微生物席在中元古代的繁盛——以豫西云梦山组为例

豫西云梦山组发育了大量的微生物成因沉积构造(MISS)。在地层纵剖面上,毫米级的深色沉积物层和浅色的石英颗粒层交替出现,形成典型的微生物席纹层,代表着微生物席在沉积表面的多次生长和埋藏。深色层包含有泥质物和细砂—粉砂颗粒,被认为是先前微生物席的残留区;浅色层则是较纯净的石英颗粒,由物理沉积作用形成。进一步对纹层区的薄片观察揭示了5种明显的MISS微结构类型,分别是:波曲层(wavy crinkled laminae)、网状结构(network fabrics)、定向颗粒层(oriented grains)、细小颗粒层(mat layer bound small grains)和重矿物层(heavy mineralsmat layer bound)。这些微结构代表了微生物席在沉积物表面殖居、生长、代谢以及与沉积物相互作用的一些特征,同时也指示了当时的水动力状况和古环境特征。

重污染感潮河道底泥释放特征及其控制技术研究

以珠江三角洲城市重污染感潮河道为对象,研究了底泥污染物（重金属、有机物和营养盐）在静态、潮汐作用影响及人工曝气扰动下的释放特征.在此基础上,采用曝气充氧、重金属化学固定、激活底泥土著微生物等联合技术对底泥释放进行控制,研究其控制效果.结果表明：①感潮作用加速了底泥污染物的释放,与静态释放相比,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、COD、NH＋4-N和TP的平均释放速率提高了1-4倍,释放量增加了0.3-1.8倍;底泥平均耗氧速率提高了1.28倍.②人工曝气扰动使底泥污染物局部急剧释放,并使泥水界面由弱碱性变成弱酸性;在有氧环境,NH^＋4-N、TP的释放得到有效抑制.③投加石灰调节pH至8-9,上覆水体Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的去除率达到85%-98%,同时还可去除92%的TP和86%的浊度;在微碱性好氧条件下,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的释放量稳定在300μg·L^-1以下.④底泥土著微生物层对水体及底泥污染物有良好的降解作用,通过间歇曝气COD、NH^＋4-N、TP去除率分别可达到85%、92%和71%;但微生物层具有较高的耗氧速率,达到45g·m^-2·d^-1.

The Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Microorganisms in the Woodland-Grassland Border of Tibet

Nitrogen deposition was simulated from July 2014 to August 2015 in the grassland, woodland, and woodland-grassland border in Zhuqudeng Village, Bujiu Township, Linzhi County,(CK, 0 kg·hm^2·a^(-1); LN, 25 kg·hm^2·a^(-1), MN, 50 kg·hm^2·a^(-1); HN, 150 kg·hm^2·a^(-1)). NH_4NO_3 was used as nitrogen source to analyze the number of microorganisms in soil layers of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm and explore the effect of different degrees of nitrogen deposition on soil microorganisms in grassland, woodland, and woodlandgrassland border. The results showed that: the number of bacteria in the grassland increased significantly under the treatment of LN, and the number of bacteria in the woodland-grassland border and woodland had a rising response under the influence of nitrogen deposition; the number of actinomycetes in the grassland increased in MN and HN treatment, and significantly increased in the border and woodland under LN treatment; the number of molds decreased sharply in the grassland, woodland, and woodland-grassland border.

Microbiostratigraphy and depositional environment of Eocene Shahbazan deposits at Chenareh section,southwest of Iran

The Shahbazan Formation was deposited in the foreland basin in southwestern Iran( Lorestan Basin). In this research,microbiostratigraphy and depositional environmental implications related to the Shahbazan Formation at the northern flank of Chenaerh anticline are discussed. Carbonate sequences of the Shahbazan Formation consist mainly of large benthic foraminifera along with other skeletal and non-skeletal components.Two biozones have been recognized by distribution of large foraminifera in the studied area that indicate middle Eocene age( Lutetian). Based on analysis of large benthic foraminiferal assemblages and microfacies features,7 different microfacies have been recognized,which can be grouped into three depositional environments: inner,middle and outer ramps.

The molecular mechanism of embryonic stem cell pluripotency maintenance

In vitro cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos, and are capable of giving rise to all cell and tissue types of the three germ layers upon being injected back into blastocysts. These cells are therefore said to possess pluripo-tency that can be maintained infinitely in culture under op-timal conditions. Such pluripotency maintenance is believed to be due to the symmetrical cleavage of the cells in an un-differentiated state. The pluripotency of ES cells is the basis for their various practical and potential applications. ES cells can be used as donor cells to generate knockout or transgenic animals, as in vitro models of mammalian development, and as cell resources for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. The further success in these applications, particularly in the last two, is dependent on the establishment of a culture sys-tem with components in the medium clearly defined and the subsequent procedures for controlled differentiation of the cells into specific lineages. In turn, elucidating the molecular mechanism for pluripotency maintenance of ES cells is the prerequisite. This paper summarizes the recent progresses in this area, focusing mainly on the LIF/STAT3, BMPs/Smads, canonical Wnt, TGFβ/activin/nodal, PI3K and FGF signaling pathways and the genes such as oct4, nanog that are crucial in ES cell pluripotency maintenance. The regulatory systems of pluripotency maintenance in both mouse and human ES cells are also discussed. We believe that the cross-talkings between these signaling pathways, as well as the regulatory system underlying pluripotency maintenance will be the main focus in the area of ES cell researches in the future.

Manipulation of gold coated microspheres using electrorotation

The electrorotation of microspheres coated with conductive surface is a novel and important technology for label-free biosensors. Using the electroless plating approach, the polystyrene microspheres with 15 μm and 25 μm in diameters were coated with 50 nm gold layer in thickness. The electrorotation experiments on those gold coated polystyrene microspheres (GCPMs) were carried out. The results showed that they rotated in the opposite direction of the electric field in a low frequency range (100-100 kHz), and the maximum rotation speed was higher than that of uncoated microspheres. Based on the theory of traveling wave electroosmosis(TWEO) and induced charge electroosmosis (ICEO), the electrorotation of GCPMs was quantitively analyzed and confirmed by observing the fluid flow around GCPM. The equations describing the electroration speed of GCPMs were proposed, which are consistent with the experiment results.