制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统微生物毒性的测定方法比较

水质生物毒性测定是评价水环境质量的重要内容,制药废水有机物含量高,有些成分可抑制污泥活性或具有生物毒性。为了更准确地评估制药废水的生物毒性,筛选出适用于准确评价污染物对废水生物降解系统中微生物生物毒性的方法,对发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、硝化抑制法及呼吸速率法4种生物毒性测定方法进行了比较研究,以甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺3种常见制药有机溶剂为研究对象、氯化汞为标准毒物。结果表明,各测定方法得出的结果不同,根据灵敏度和测定时间,4种方法排序为发光细菌法(2 h)、脱氢酶活性法(7 h)、硝化速率法(120 h)、呼吸速率法(48 h),与其他3种基于活性污泥毒性的测定方法相比,发光细菌法具有最高的灵敏度。3种恬性污泥法对有机溶剂的毒性响应具有相同顺序,从高到低为二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺、甲苯,而发光细菌法与之不同,顺序为三乙胺、甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺。综合考虑测定方法的灵敏度、测试时间、操作简便性,推荐选取灵敏度最高的发光细菌试验和以活性污泥为受试对象的脱氢酶活性法联合使用,将二者综合的测定结果作为判定依据,可以更准确地判定制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统的生物毒性。

微生物毒性试验及其在环境监测中的应用

微生物毒性试验作为快速筛选和评价化学品的环境毒理效应的有力工具日益受到重视。本文对微生物毒性试验及其在环境监测中的应用和若干存在的问题进行述评。

甲嘧磺隆和炔草酯对土壤微生物呼吸强度和氮转化的影响

为探究除草剂对土壤微生物的毒性效应,以土壤微生物的呼吸强度和氮转化作为检测指标,分别考察了甲嘧磺隆和炔草酯对红壤、棕壤和潮土中微生物呼吸强度的影响以及对潮土氮转化的影响。结果表明:将供试农药以田间推荐剂量、10倍推荐剂量和100倍推荐剂量施入土壤15 d后,甲嘧磺隆对棕壤微生物表现为呼吸强度抑制作用,对潮土为促进作用,而红壤中除10倍推荐剂量处理组表现出抑制作用外其余两组均表现出促进作用;炔草酯会抑制红壤和棕壤中微生物的呼吸强度,但会促进潮土中微生物的呼吸强度。氮转化试验结果表明:以田间推荐剂量和5倍推荐剂量施入潮土后,甲嘧磺隆在7、14、28、42、56和70 d均能显著促进其硝酸盐含量;炔草酯除28 d时田间推荐剂量处理组的硝酸盐含量显著高于对照组外,其余0、7、14和42 d硝酸盐含量与对照组相比均无显著差异。综上所述,两种除草剂对3种土壤类型微生物的呼吸强度为低毒,对潮土氮转化功能没有长期影响。

兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的生态行为

通过室内培养和土壤薄层层析等实验方法,研究了磺胺二甲嘧啶对土壤微生物的毒性及其在土壤中的降解、迁移特性。结果显示:在土壤磺胺二甲嘧啶浓度为1mg kg-1时,土壤中细菌和真菌数量明显减少(p<0.05),但随时间延长,该抑制作用变缓;磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中降解缓慢,持留时间久,在灭菌土和未灭菌土中的半衰期分别为223.9 d和102.4 d,并容易在土壤中迁移和渗漏,迁移系数Rf大于0.7,迁移和渗漏速度受介质pH的影响,在非中性环境下,移动和渗漏能力增强。表明磺胺二甲嘧啶是一种在土壤中不易被降解、容易迁移和渗漏到水体、对土壤微生物和水体产生危害的新型污染源。

偶氮染料废水的水生植物-电解联合净化效应研究

结合电解处理技术和植物修复技术理论,建立了植物-电解联合净化系统,并用于对混合偶氮染料溶液的处理实验。结果表明,偶氮染料废水经植物-电解联合净化后水质更加稳定,脱色率和COD去除率最高分别可达98.7%和85%;出水微生物抑制率和生物抗过氧化能力显著降低,出水苯二胺和芳香胺类物质残留最大削减量分别为81.25%和99.17%。

Comparative Study of the Biological Activities of the Skin Secretions from Six Common Chinese Amphibians

Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD 50 of 11 5?mg/kg,18 8?mg/kg,and 264?mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500?mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T verrucosus and B maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T verrucosus and B maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60?kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T verrucosus , B maxima and B andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B andrewsi and B maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A 2 activity was only found in the skin secretions of T verrucosus .None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Toxicity with Special Reference to Microalgae

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals were reviewed with special reference to microalgae, the key compo- nent of the food web in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals enter algal cells either by means of active transport or by endocytosis through chelating proteins and affect various physiological and biochemical processes of the algae. The toxicity primarily results from their binding to the sulphydryl groups in proteins or disrupting protein structure or displacing essential elements. Metals can break the oxidative balance of the algae, inducing antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The amount of oxidized proteins and lipids in the algal cells thus indicates the severity of the stress. Algal tolerance to heavy metal is highly dependent upon the defense response against the probable oxidative damages. Pro- duction of binding factors and proteins, exclusion of metals from cells by ion-selective transporters and excretion or compartmen- talization have been suggested with regard to reducing heavy metal toxicity. However, a comprehensive description on the mecha- nisms underlining metal toxicity of microalgae and gaining tolerance is yet to be elaborated.

Effect of Anions on Toxicity of Cadmium Applied to Microbial Biomass in Red Soil

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of associated anions on toxicity of cadmium applied to microbial biomass in the red soil. Cadmium was applied at six different levels, i.e., 0 (background), 5, 15, 30, 60 and 100 μg-1 soil in the form of either cadmium acetate or cadmium chloride.Application of cadmium as cadmium acetate markedly reduced the soil microbial biomass carbon compared to cadmium applied as cadmium chloride at all the tested levels. Similarly, organic carbon to biomass carbon ratio in the soil was markedly increased by increasing the level of the cadmium in the soil as cadmium acetate,while the change was much smaller in the case of cadmium chloride at the same cadmium levels. The results suggested that due consideration should be given to the source of cadmium while deciding the cadmium levels in experiments.

Effect of Autophagy Over Liver Diseases

In recent years, increasingly evidences show that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of liver diseases, and the relationship between them has increasingly become a focus of concern. Autophagy refers to the process through which the impaired organelles, misfolded protein, and intruding microorganisms is degraded by lysosomes to maintain stability inside cells. This article states the effect of autophagy on liver diseases （hepatic fibrosis, fatty liver, viral hepatitis, and liver cancer）, which aims to provide a new direction for the treatment of liver diseases.

Toxicity of cadmium to soil microbial biomass and its activity:Effect of incubation time on Cd ecological dose in a paddy soil

Cadmium (Cd) is ubiquitous in the human environment and has toxic effect on soil microbial biomass or its activity, including microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and basal respiration (BR), etc., Cmic, DHA, BR were used as bioindicators of the toxic effect of Cd in soil. This study was conducted to determine the effects of Cd on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a paddy soil. The inhibition of microbial biomass and its activity by different Cd concentrations was described by the kinetic model (M1) and the sigmoid dose-response model (M2) in order to calculate three ecological doses of Cd: ED50, ED10 and ED5. Results showed that M2 was better fit than M1 for describing the ecological toxicity dose effect of cadmium on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a paddy soil. M2 for ED values (mg/kg soil) of Cmic, DHA, BR best fitted the measured paddy soil bioindicators. M2 showed that all ED values (mg/kg) increased in turn with increased incubation time. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of Cmic with M2 were increased in turn from 403.2, 141.1, 100.4 to 1000.7, 230.9, 144.8, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of DHA with M2 increased in turn from 67.6, 6.2, 1.5 to 101.1, 50.9, 41.0, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of BR with M2 increased in turn from 149.7, 6.5, 1.8 to 156.5, 50.8, 35.5, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. So the ecological dose increased in turn with increased incubation time for M2 showed that toxicity of cadmium to soil microbial biomass and its activity was decreased with increased incubation time.

Aquatic Toxicities of Three Aryloxyphenoxypropanoic Acid Herbicides on Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Pesticides will be released into aquatic systems after application in agriculture or industry. AOPPs （aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acids） herbicides, including fenoxaprop, quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl, can pose aquatic toxicity on cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa （Microcystis aeruginosa）. The inhibition percentages of the biomass of M. aeruginosa exposure to 10 mg＇L-I fenoxaprop, quizalofop-P-ethyl and haloxyfop-methyl on day 7 were 23.13%, 7.55%, and 7.56%, respectively. Protein content was also inhibited by the three AOPPs to fenoxaprop is the most toxic, followed by quizalofop-P-ethyl varying degrees. The growth and protein content results showed that and haloxyfop-methyl. It indicates that both the biomass and the protein content can be served as an indicator for evaluating the toxicity of the three chemicals. Growth rates of M. aeruginosa exposure to fenoxaprop are also the most significantly different compared to the control, which means that fenoxaprop is the most toxic among the three compounds. Results from this study may provide insights for evaluation of environmental risks of AOPPs. In addition, such insights will be helpful for guiding the application of AOPPs in agriculture.

HAV,HBV与HCV感染相互关系的研究

目的 探讨甲乙丙三型肝炎病毒感染的相互关系。方法 应用国产试剂盒 ,采用EIA法对 515例肝炎患者的血清标本同时测定了甲乙丙三型肝炎病毒感染的血清学标志。结果 在抗 -HAVIgM阳性和阴性者之间 ,HBsAg、HBeAg阳性率无显著差异 ;HBsAg阳性者的抗 -HAVIgM阳性率和抗 -HCV阳性率显著低于HBsAg阴性者 (分别为 4 .0 %对 2 3.5%和 3.4 %对 2 4 .2 % ,P <0 .0 0 0 1) ;HBeAg阳性者的抗 -HCV阳性率明显低于阴性者 ( 1.3%对 14.0 % ,P <0 .0 0 0 1) ;抗 -HCV阳性者的HBeAg阳性率明显低于抗 -HCV阴性者 ( 9.6%对 32 .8% ,P <0 .0 1)。

A Simple Bioassay Using Fluorescent Microbeads and Daphnia magna

The amount of microbeads ingested by Daphnia magna decreases on exposure to toxic materials; tins oenawor was used to develop a toxicity test. To determine the toxicity of seven metals, D. magna were collected and homogenized, and the fluorescence intensity of the microbeads ingested by D. magna was measured. The amount of ingestion was determined from fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence intensity was half of that of the controls which was measured as the 30 min-FI50, and these data correlated well with those from an acute immobilization method （24 h-EC50）. An advantage of the method using fluorescent beads is that an estimate of the 24 h-EC50 can be obtained.

Effects of subchronic oral toxic metal exposure on the intestinal microbiota of mice

Oral exposure to toxic metals such as cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, copper （Cu） and aluminum （AI） can induce various adverse health effects in humans and animals. However, the effects of these metals on the gut microbiota have received limited attention. The present study demonstrated that long-term toxic metal exposure altered the intestinal microbiota of mice in a metal-specific and time-dependent manner. Subchronic oral Cu exposure for eight weeks caused a profound decline in gut microbial diversity in mice, whereas no significant changes were observed in groups treated with other metals. Cd exposure signif- icantly increased the relative abundances of organisms from the genera Alistipes and Odoribacter and caused marked decreases in Mollicutes and unclassified Ruminococcaceae. Pb exposure significantly decreased the abundances of eight genera： unclassified and uncultured Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminiclostridium_9, Rikenellaceae_RCg_gut group, Oscillibacter, Anaerotruncus and Lachnoclostridium. Cu exposure affected abundances of the genera Alistipes, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, AUobaculum, Mollicutes_RF9_norank, Rikenellaceae_RCg gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and Turicibacter. A1 exposure increased the abundance of Odoribacter and decreased that of Anaerotruncus. Exposure to any metal for eight weeks significantly decreased the abun- dance of Akkermansia. These results provide a new understanding regarding the role of toxic metals in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic disorders in the host within the gut microbiota framework.