微纳结构材料与检测技术研究

微纳结构材料因自身的结构特点和独特的理化性能成为近年来的热点研究对象。微纳结构材料在产品检测中的应用开发也是目前的研究热点,相关的研究成果很多已被应用于实际样品的检测中。本文对目前应用较多的几种典型微纳结构材料在产品检测技术研究中的成果进行简要的介绍。

矩形块微纳结构材料在红外波段的偏振光吸收

研究了矩形块微纳结构吸收材料在中远红外波段的光学偏振吸收特性。该吸收材料由金属阵列-电介质层-金属膜组成,在2.0μm^5.0μm波长具有双波长谐振吸收效应,其理论吸收率大于80%。模拟计算和实验测试表明,该吸收材料的短波吸收峰值与矩形块长轴方向入射偏振光的3阶谐振响应对应,而长波吸收峰值与短轴方向基模谐振响应对应。实验制备了矩形阵列光吸收器并测试了它的的光学特性,结果表明:该吸收器结构在两个偏振方向的等效磁导率系数满足Lorentz模型,等效磁导率谱线虚部峰值波长与吸收谐振波长相对应,表明这种吸收材料的偏振吸收与入射电磁波的磁谐振响应有关。研究结果揭示了微纳结构吸收器的双波长频谱吸收机理,有助于实现特定波长生物传感器及光电探测器的设计。

同轴静电纺丝构筑微/纳米结构隔膜与电极材料用于锂离子电池:从原理到应用

锂离子电池因其高能量密度、长循环寿命、优异的倍率性能和热稳定性而备受青睐,成为从便携式电子产品到电动汽车等实际应用中的最佳电源。在这种背景下,同轴静电纺丝技术因可制造适用于锂离子电池的独特纳米纤维材料而备受关注。尤其纤维材料具有高比表面积、高孔隙率、较大的长径比和易表面改性的优点,近年来在锂离子电池领域被广泛研究。这篇综述全面总结了同轴静电纺丝的基本原理、正极、负极和隔膜等锂离子电池关键材料的制备、实际应用和最新进展,并讨论了同轴静电纺纤维材料的纳米/微米结构决定其电化学性能的规律。此外,该综述分析了同轴静电纺丝未来的发展方向,强调了未来拓展同轴静电纺丝技术在锂离子电池领域的应用所面临的挑战。

微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料

硅材料因其高的理论比容量（4200 mAh/g）而成为极具发展潜力的锂离子电池负极材料之一。纳米硅负极材料可有效避免材料在循环过程中的粉化现象,同时具有较短的Li^＋和电子传输路径,相应电极的电化学性能与微米硅电极相比显著提升,但是纳米结构硅材料比表面积过大、振实密度低等特点限制了其在实际生产中的应用。近年来,使用纳米结构硅材料作为一次结构单元构建微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料的策略被广泛研究。本文综述了微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料的研究进展,总结了微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料中一次颗粒和二次颗粒的选择与结构设计要素,并对具有代表性的微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料物理和电化学性能进行了介绍,提出优化的材料结构和电极设计方案。最后,对微/纳复合结构硅基负极材料存在问题进行简单分析并展望了其研究前景。

能源存储与转化用微纳超结构碳:现状与建议

碳材料作为电极材料或关键组分在诸多能源存储与转化器件中发挥着不可或缺的作用。然而,传统碳材料存在的结构单一、富含缺陷和织构无序等问题严重制约了相关器件性能的提升,难以满足新能源和电动汽车产业的快速发展需求。针对上述问题,文章提出了微纳超结构碳的概念和设计思想,采用结构纳米化、复合化、有序化设计和功能导向组装,构建碳材料跨越“纳−微−宏”的多层次孔道、多尺度网络、多组分界面,获得具有“精准定制、层次有序、厚密联通、多相耦合”基本特征的微纳超结构碳。同时,文章全面综述了微纳超结构碳材料在能源存储与转换器件中应用的国内外最新研究进展,涵盖了锂/钠离子电池、超级电容器、固态电池、水系电池以及氢能转换技术等关键领域,并对未来储能用碳材料的发展方向和应用模式作出展望。

Recent development of LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO_2:Impact of micro/nano structures for imparting improvements in lithium batteries

The recent advancement in the design,synthesis,and fabrication of micro/nano structured LiNixCoyMnzO2 with one-,two-,and three-dimensional morphologies was reviewed.The major goal is to highlight LiNixCoyMnzO2 materials,which have been utilized in lithium ion batteries with enhanced energy and power density,high energy efficiency,superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability resulting from the doping,surface coating,nanocomposites and nano-architecturing.

Synthesis of porous nano/micro structured LiFePO_4/C cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries by spray-drying method

In order to enhance electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 （LFP） cathode materials, spherical porous nano/micro structured LFP/C cathode materials were synthesized by spray drying, followed by calcination. The results show that the spherical precursors with the sizes of 0.5-5 μm can be completely converted to LFP/C when the calcination temperature is higher than 500 ℃. The LFP/C microspheres obtained at calcination temperature of 700 ℃ are composed of numerous particles with sizes of -20 nm, and have well-developed interconnected pore structure and large specific surface area of 28.77 mE/g. The specific discharge capacities of the LFP/C obtained at 700 ℃ are 162.43, 154.35 and 144.03 mA.h/g at 0.5C, 1C and 2C, respectively. Meanwhile, the capacity retentions can reach up to 100% after 50 cycles. The improved electrochemical properties of the materials are ascribed to a small Li＋ diffusion resistance and special structure of LFP/C microspheres.

喷墨打印墨滴成形机理及其在含能领域应用进展

喷墨打印技术是以墨滴为基础,集喷射工艺、离散堆积数控制造及计算机辅助设计于一体的先进精细微加工制造技术,是微机电系统(MEMS)火工品等微结构含能器件的重要装药途径之一。在喷墨打印过程中,如何实现墨滴的精确控制是提高材料可打印性和打印精度的关键。本文在系统调研喷墨打印成型机理研究的基础上,探讨了墨水的物理特性、打印工艺参数对墨滴形成方面的影响规律,梳理了“咖啡环”效应出现的原因及控制方法,归纳了喷墨打印过程中墨滴成形和沉积的控制策略,与此同时,综述了喷墨打印技术在传爆药、纳米铝热剂等方面的应用情况,展望了喷墨打印技术下一步在含能领域应用的发展方向。喷墨打印技术的按需滴加、皮升级沉积为微纳米结构含能药剂的精确装药提供了前提,在MEMS火工品、异形含能器件方面具有较好的应用前景。

Microstructure and properties of alumina-silicon carbide nanocomposites fabricated by pressureless sintering and post hot-isostatic pressing

A1203/5%SIC nanocomposites were fabricated by pressureless sintering using MgO as a sintering aid and then post hot-isostatic pressed （HIP）, which can subsequently break through the disadvantage of hot-pressing process. The MgO additive was able to promote the densification of the composites, but could not induce the grain growth of A1203 matrix due to the grain growth inhibition by nano-sized SiC particles. After HIP treatment, A12OJSiC nanocomposites achieved full densification and homogeneous distribution of nano-sized SiC particles. Moreover, the fracture morphology of HIP treated specimens was identical with that of the hot-pressed A1203/SiC nanocomposites showing complete transgranular fracture. Consequently, high fracture strength of 1 GPa was achieved for the A1203/5%SIC nanocomposites by pressureless sintering and post HIP process.

Structural characteristics and dielectric properties of glass-ceramic nanocomposites of(Pb,Sr)Nb_2O_6-NaNbO_3-SiO_2

The structure and dielectric properties of （Pb,Sr）Nb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2 glass-ceramics with different Pb and Sr contents were investigated. The XRD pattern of glass-ceramics without Sr substitution is different from that with Sr substitution, which indicates the existence of orthorhombic phase in the latter ones. TEM bright field observation shows nanosized microstructures, while for samples with Sr, typical eutectic microstrncture with separated crystallized bands is found in the glass matrix. Dielectric properties measurement of the samples indicates an obvious improvement of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, DC field and temperature dependence of dielectric constant when the molar ratio of Sr to Pb is 4：6.

Magnetic yolk-shell structured anatase-based microspheres loaded with Au nanoparticles for heterogeneous catalysis

Magnetic yolk-shell structured anatase-based microspheres were fabricated through successive and facile sol-gel coating on magnetite particles, followed by annealing treatments. Upon loading with gold nanoparticles, the obtained functional magnetic microspheres as heterogeneous catalysts showed superior performance in catalyzing the epoxidation of styrene with extraordinary high conversion （89.5%） and selectivity （90.8%） towards styrene oxide. It is believed that the construction process of these fascinating materials features many implications for creating other functional nanocomposites.

Space-confined and substrate-directed synthesis of transition-metal dichalcogenide nanostructures with tunable dimensionality

Atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide(TMDC) nanostructures are predicted to exhibit novel physical properties that make them attractive candidates for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, TMDCs tend to grow in the form of two-dimensional nanoplates(NPs) rather than one-dimensional nanoribbons(NRs) due to their native layered structure. Herein, we have developed a space-confined and substrate-directed chemical vapor deposition strategy for the controllable synthesis of WS2, WSe2, MoSe2, MoS2, WS2(1-x)Se2x NPs and NRs. TMDC NRs with lengths ranging from several micrometers to 100 μm have been obtained and the widths of TMDC NRs can be effectively tuned.Moreover, we found that TMDC NRs show different growth behaviors on van der Waals(vdW) and nonvd W substrates. The micro-nano structures, optical and electronic properties of synthesized TMDC NRs have been systematically investigated. This approach provides a general strategy for controllable synthesis of TMDC NRs, which makes these materials easily accessible as functional building blocks for novel optoelectronic devices.

Hierarchical SnO_2 nanoflowers assembled by atomic thickness nanosheets as anode material for lithium ion battery

Hierarchical SnO2 nanoflowers assembled by atomic thickness nanosheets were prepared by facile one-pot solvothermal method with acetone/water mixture as solvent. The crystal structure, morphology and the microstructure of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope （AFM）. Results revealed that the nanoflowers （2-4 μm） were assembled by the ultrathin SnO2 nanosheets （3.1 nm esti- mated by AFM）. When tested as anode material for lithium ion batteries, the SnO2 nanoflowers showed improved cy- cling stability comparing with the commercial SnO2 parti- cles. The reversible charge capacity of SnO2 nanoflowers maintained 350.7 mAh/g after 30 cycles, while that of the commercial SnO2 was only 112.2 mAh/g. The high re- versible capacity and good cycling stability could be ascri- bed to the hierarchical nanostructure, atomic thickness nanosheets and large surface area of the SnO2 nanoflowers.