基于元胞自动机法的复合材料密封环微观磨损状态模拟

基于离散体系的移动元胞自动机方法,并考虑多种填充材料的影响,构建了重型车辆传动系统的复合材料密封环的离散模型,选择聚四氟乙烯和聚醚醚铜两种复合材料,进行密封摩擦副微观摩擦磨损过程的可视化对比仿真。通过仿真直观观察密封表面微观结构的动态演化,及其机械混合层的形成和发展过程。通过磨损元胞的统计计算,分析在模拟时间内两种复合材料密封环的微观磨损情况。同时开展了密封环摩擦磨损试验,通过扫描电子显微镜观察两种密封材料的表面形貌,结果表明,在材料颗粒磨损方面,仿真与试验结果基本一致,验证了通过移动元胞自动机方法开展复合材料密封环微观摩擦磨损模拟的有效性。

聚氨酯衬垫磨损机理的微观分析

首先介绍了聚氨酯的力学特性，然后运用扫描电子显微镜和表面红外分析仪对磨损后衬垫表面的微观形貌及官能团的组成进行了分析，发现了聚氨酯热降解的证据，并在此基础上对钢丝绳－ 聚氨酯衬垫这一摩擦副的磨损机理进行了分析、探讨．作为从微观角度研究高分子材料衬垫的磨损过程，其结果有助于深入地了解高分子材料的磨损机理，对改善衬垫的磨损性能，提高其寿命有一定的实用价值．

微观摩擦磨损研究的新进展

随着纳米科学与技术的发展，微观摩擦学越来越受到人们的广泛重视，并且已经成为当前摩擦学研究中相当活跃的前沿领域之一。研究表明，在超精密机械或微型机械中，微观尺度上的摩擦磨损在很大程度上决定着各相对运动部件能否产生运动，以及整个运动系统的性能和寿命。因此，研究微观摩擦磨损至关重要，其最终目的是要实现零磨损。为了推动和加速微观摩擦磨损研究的开展，对近几年国内外微观摩擦磨损研究的新进展作了综述与讨论，介绍了微观摩擦磨损特性，并对微观摩擦磨损研究方法进行了重点评述，同时还对新近相继问世的扫描隧道显微镜、原子力显微镜和摩擦力显微镜等在微观摩擦磨损研究中的重要作用作了介绍与评论，且就分子动力学模拟的原理、应用和现状作了简要阐释与评说。最后，针对微观摩擦磨损研究的现状，提出了其在今后值得重视的几个发展方向。

单晶硅氩离子注入层的微观结构和微观摩擦磨损行为

利用离子注入技术对单晶硅表面进行了氩离子注入,用微摩擦磨损实验机研究了改性层的摩擦磨损行为,并用透射电子显微镜研究了改性层的微观结构.结果表明:经过一定剂量的氩离子注入后单晶硅的耐磨性能较注入前有了一定的提高,其中以注入剂量1×1016ions/cm2为最好,氩离子的注入使单晶硅表面形成了硅的微晶态与非晶态共存的混和态结构的改性层,使其具有良好的抗塑变和塑性剪切能力,从而改善了单晶硅的抗磨能力.

电磁离合器用增摩材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

针对汽车空调系统中离合器传递扭矩和使用寿命难以满足空压机工作需求这一问题,采用试验手段对电磁离合器摩擦片材料的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。首先,采用增摩材料对B、Y两型常见摩擦片进行了摩擦磨损试验,获取了2种材料在不同工况参数下的摩擦系数及摩擦面温度;然后,对比分析了各工况参数对于材料摩擦学性能的影响规律;最后,在扫描电镜下对磨合后的样件进行了微观形貌观测,并结合元素占比变化,分析了其主要磨损机制。研究结果表明:转速、加载力、对摩件初始粗糙度与摩擦系数、摩擦面温升均呈正比关系;2种材料的摩擦系数最终稳定在0.3~0.45范围内。其中,B型材料表面微裂纹和剥落更严重,其与10号钢材料磨合后,Fe元素含量提高了23.95%;Y型材料的摩擦热稳定性和耐磨性更好,采用Y型材料更有利于提升电磁离合器的传递扭矩和使用寿命。

超声振动辅助抛光BK7过程中聚氨酯抛光垫磨损行为

抛光光学玻璃等硬脆材料时常选用聚氨酯抛光垫,其微观形貌和磨损直接影响抛光精度和效率.本文对不同抛光时长下聚氨酯抛光垫微观形貌和磨损行为及其对材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:当主轴转速为8000 r/min,进给速度为0.0150 mm/s,轴向超声振幅为5μm时,材料去除率和表面粗糙度分别为0.977μm/min和153.67 nm.聚氨酯抛光垫在30 min内磨损量较小,随着抛光时长的增加,抛光垫表面孔隙逐渐被磨粒和玻璃碎屑填充,破坏抛光垫表面的疏松多孔结构,导致抛光垫表面硬化,失去弹性.同时,侵入抛光垫表面的磨粒会阻止抛光接触区域内的磨粒更新,导致抛光质量降低.

单颗立方氮化硼磨料磨损过程试验研究与分析

设计单颗磨粒磨削装置,通过超景深显微镜观测单颗立方氮化硼(CBN)磨粒的磨损现象,分析CBN磨粒磨损状态的变化规律及原因。研究表明,钎焊CBN磨粒磨削合金渗碳钢20Cr Mo时,可将CBN磨粒磨损状态变化归纳为微观磨损、磨平、宏观破碎和失效4种形式。由于磨粒的磨损规律受磨粒表面形貌、磨粒的突出高度及磨削深度的影响,每个CBN磨粒的磨损形式不尽相同。在单颗粒磨削过程中,磨削深度对磨粒破碎形式有较大的影响,在磨削深度较小时,磨粒磨损以微观磨损和磨平为主;在磨削深度较大时,磨粒磨损以宏观破碎为主,并导致磨粒的失效。

机械-化学耦合作用下GeSbTe相变材料的微观损伤行为

为了研究机械磨损、化学腐蚀对锗锑碲(GeSbTe)相变材料微观损伤行为的影响,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)及SiO2探针对GeSbTe表面在不同工况下产生的微观损伤进行了研究。实验结果表明:在大气环境下,GeSbTe表面经过单次面磨损(面扫描)会形成一个方形磨坑。该磨坑在NaOH碱性溶液中会发生腐蚀,同时磨坑深度随腐蚀时间增加而增加。在NaOH溶液中对GeSbTe表面进行单次面磨损同样产生方形磨坑,并且该磨坑深度也随腐蚀时间的增加而增加。由大气环境下不同法向载荷磨损对比实验可知,腐蚀前的机械作用会促进后续腐蚀损伤。GeSbTe表面自然氧化层的腐蚀实验表明GeSbTe表面自然氧化层在NaOH溶液中的腐蚀可忽略,并且对GeSbTe次表层起掩膜作用。由于NaOH溶液中SiO2探针与GeSbTe表面存在润滑及双电层作用,致使面磨损损伤较轻微,即对表面自然氧化层的损伤小,导致后续腐蚀损伤轻微。本研究结果有助于理解GeSbTe的化学机械抛光(CMP)机理。

一种快速检测单晶硅亚表面损伤层厚度的方法

为了保证单晶硅晶圆在精研与抛光过程中的品质与质量,亟待寻求一种快速、简单、经济的硅材料亚表面损伤程度的检测方法。基于HF溶液对单晶硅损伤层的选择性刻蚀特性,提出一种快速检测单晶硅亚表面损伤层厚度的方法。透射电镜观测结果显示,HF溶液能选择性地刻蚀单晶硅划痕区域的亚表面损伤层,证实了该方法检测结果的有效性。利用该方法研究了载荷和速度对单晶硅亚表面划痕损伤的影响。结果表明,当外加载荷为单晶硅临界屈服载荷的1.1倍及以下时,单晶硅亚表面的划痕损伤层厚度随刻画速度的增大而减小;而当外加载荷达到临界屈服载荷的12.5倍时,单晶硅亚表面的划痕损伤对刻画速度的变化不敏感。该方法可方便快捷地检测单晶硅划痕区域亚表面的损伤层厚度,有望应用于单晶硅晶圆平坦化过程的损伤检测与控制。

Preparation and mechanical properties of in situ Al_2O_3/Al composites by adding NH_4AlO(OH)HCO_3

Aluminium matrix composite reinforced by Al2O3 particles was produced by adding NH4AlO（OH）HCO3 into molten aluminum.The mechanical properties and wear behavior of the as-fabricated composites were studied.The results show that during stirring γ-Al2O3 particles were formed via decomposition reaction of NH4AlO（OH）HCO3,and the distribution of Al2O3 particles is more uniform in the matrix aluminum than directly added Al2O3 into molten aluminum.The density and the hardness values of the as-fabricated composites increase with increasing the particle volume fraction,while the tensile strength of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the Al2O3 particles.The wear rate of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the particle and loading.The in situ formed Al2O3/Al composite by adding NH4AlO（OH）HCO3 shows more superior mechanical and wear behaviors than that prepared by directly adding Al2O3 particles.

Microstructure and abrasion wear behavior of Ni-based laser cladding alloy layer at high temperature

Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO2 laser, and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested. The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high temperature by changing compositions and temperatures were investigated by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Among the three compositions of cladding layer, i.e. Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, Ni25+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 and Ni60+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, the experimental results show that Ni21+20%WC+ 0.5%CeO2 cladding layer is made up of finer grains, and presents the best abrasion wear behavior at high temperature. The wear pattern of laser cladding layer is mainly grain abrasion at lower temperature, and it would be changed to adhesive abrasion and oxide abrasion at higher temperature.

Optimization analysis of track comprehensive quality in micro-plasma cladding process

The purpose was to clarify the relationship between the main process parameters of micro-plasma cladding and the comprehensive quality(geometry,microstructure and wear rate of cladding track).Self-fluxing ferrous alloy powders were fabricated on Q235 substrate.Based on the uniform design,the distribution of the experimental samples was designed reasonably in the sample space,which greatly improved efficiency and reduced costs.After a series of microstructural characterization,there was no difference in the phase composition of all samples,but the average grain size had a significant difference,which resulted in the change of wear rate.And the relationship among micro-hardness,average grain size and wear rate of the track had also been investigated.Subsequently,an optimization model was established and the optimal process parameters were obtained with excellent wear rate under the geometric constraints.The correctness of optimization model was verified by experiments.

Microstructure and abrasive wear behaviour of anodizing composite films containing Si C nanoparticles on Ti6Al4V alloy

Anodized composite films containing Si C nanoparticles were synthesized on Ti6Al4 V alloy by anodic oxidation procedure in C4O6H4Na2 electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of the films fabricated in the electrolytes with and without addition of Si C nanoparticles. Results show that Si C particles can be successfully incorporated into the oxide film during the anodizing process and preferentially concentrate within internal cavities and micro-cracks. The ball-on-disk sliding tests indicate that Si C-containing oxide films register much lower wear rate than the oxide films without Si C under dry sliding condition. Si C particles are likely to melt and then are oxidized by frictional heat during sliding tests. Potentiodynamic polarization behavior reveals that the anodized alloy with Si C nanoparticles results in a reduction in passive current density to about 1.54×10-8 A/cm2, which is more than two times lower than that of the Ti O2 film(3.73×10-8 A/cm2). The synthesized composite film has good anti-wear and anti-corrosion properties and the growth mechanism of nanocomposite film is also discussed.

Effect of bias voltage on microstructure,mechanical and tribological properties of TiAlN coatings

TiAlN multilayer coatings composed of TiAl and TiAlN layers were deposited on ZL109 alloys using filtered cathodic vacuum arc(FCVA)technology.The effect of bias voltage on the microstructure and properties of the coating was systematically studied.The results show that the coating exhibits a multi-phase structure dominated by TiAlN phase.As the bias voltage increases,the orientation of TiAlN changes from(200)plane to(111)plane due to the increase of atomic mobility and lattice distortion.The hardness,elastic modulus and adhesion of the coating show the same trend of change,that is,first increase and then decrease.When the bias voltage is 75 V,the coating exhibits the highest hardness(~30.3 GPa),elastic modulus(~229.1 GPa),adhesion(HF 2)and the lowest wear rate(~4.44×10^(−5)mm^(3)/(N·m)).Compared with bare ZL109 alloy,the mechanical and tribological properties of TiAlN coated alloy surface can effectively be improved.

Microstructures and wear properties of graphite and Al_2O_3 reinforced AZ91D-Cex composites

The magnesium matrix composites reinforced by graphite particles and Al2O3 short fibers were fabricated by squeeze-infiltration technique.The additions dispersed uniformly and no agglomeration and casting defect were observed.The microstructures and wear properties of the composites with different Ce contents of 0,0.4%,0.8%and 1.0%,respectively,were investigated.Especially,the effect of Ce on the properties was discussed.The results reveal that Ce enriches around the boundaries of graphite particles and forms Al3Ce phase with Al.The addition of Ce refines the microstructures of the composites.With the increase of Ce content,the grain size becomes smaller and the wear resistance of the composite is improved.At low load,the composites have similar worn surface.At high load,the composite with 1.0%Ce has the best wear resistance due to the existence of Al3Ce phase.The Al3Ce phase improves the thermal stability of the matrix so the graphite particles can keep intact,which can still work as lubricant. At low load,the wear mechanism is abrasive wear and oxidation wear.At high load,the wear mechanism changes to delamination wear for all the composites.

Three dimensional microstructures and wear resistance of Al-Bi immiscible alloys with different grain refiners

The three dimensional(3D) microstructures of Al-Bi alloys with different grain refiners(Al-5Ti-B, Al-3B and Al-3Ti) have been studied using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. The relationships between the microstructures and the corresponding wear behavior are verified through the friction and wear tests. The worn surfaces of the samples with grain refiners tested under 15 and 60 N loads are analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). The results indicate that the addition of grain refiners is beneficial to the size and distribution of the Bi-rich particles in Al-Bi alloys. Compared with Al-5Ti-B and Al-3B grain refiners, the Bi-rich particles are more uniformly distributed and spherical with finer size with the addition of Al-3Ti grain refiner. The refinement renders the Al-20wt%Bi alloy refined by Al-3Ti the superior wear resistance with respect to those refined by Al-5Ti-B and Al-3B grain refiners, corresponding to the microstructures with fine and uniformly distributed Bi-rich particles in the Al matrix.

Structure and mechanical properties of pincers for freshwater lobster

The mineral phases and structure of pincer for the freshwater lobster were analyzed and observed by using X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electronic microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties of pincer were determined by using nano-indenter and micro-tribometer. The results showed that the pincers contained Ca, Mg, C, O, Na, etc. elements and there were many amorphous mineral phases in the lobster pincers. There were many concave hollows and convex domes with seta on the surface of pincer, and some spines were observed on the surface of seta, which exhibited non-smooth surface. The exoskeleton of pincer consisted of epicuticle, exocuticle and endocuticle, and the microstructure of exocuticle and endocuticle displayed the twisted plywood structure with chitin protein fibers. The mean hardness and elastic modulus on the surface of fresh pincers were 0.27 GPa and 5.28 GPa, respectively. With the increase in distance from the surface, the hardness and elastic modulus all decreased gradually. This indicated that the transition of hardness and elastic modulus occurred from exocuticle to endocuticle. When the heat treatment temperature was lower than 200°C, the values of hardness and elastic modulus fluctuated slightly, while they increased at the temperature beyond 200°C. As the pincers slid against Si3N4 balls in water and air, the friction coefficients in water were higher than those in air. The research could provide a bio-inspired basis for the structural design of composite materials and anti-friction surface.