参附注射液治疗内科疾病

参附注射液提取于人参黑附片,包含乌头生物碱、人参皂苷类成分,现代工艺精制而成。中草药成分复杂,药理疗效通过多靶点、多层面作用于人体组织器官。临床实践验证,参附注射液补气、温阳。虚证表现为细胞免疫功能下降,参附注射液能提高免疫功能,改善机体免疫力,内科疾病应用价值明显。

ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS IN 3901 PATIENTS WITH STROKE

Objective To estimate the frequency of various risk factors for overall stroke and to identify risk factors for cerebral infarction (CI) versus intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a large hospital-based stroke registry. Methods Data from a total of 3901 patients, consisting of 3525 patients with CI and 376 patients with ICH were pros-pectively coded and entered into a computerized data bank. Results Hypertension and smoking were the most prominent factors affecting overall stroke followed by mild internal carotid artery stenosis (< 50%), hypercholesterolemia, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), diabetes mellitus, and cardiac ischemia. Univariate analysis showed that factors in male significantly associated with CI versus ICH were old age, a family history of stroke, and intermittent claudication; whereas in female the factors were oral contraception and migraine. By multivariate analysis, in all patients, the factors significantly associated with CI as opposed to ICH were smoking, hyperch-olesterolemia, migraine, TIAs, atrial fibrillation, structural heart disease, and arterial disease. Hypertension was the only significant factor related with ICH versus CI.Conclusions The factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are not exactly the same. Cardiac and arterial disease are the most powerful factors associated with CI rather than ICH.

Targeting histone deacetylases： perspectives for epigenetic-based therapy in cardio-cerebrovascular disease

Although the pathogenesis of cardio-cerebrovascular disease （CCVD） is multifactorial, an increasing number of experimental and clinical studies have highlighted the importance of histone deacetylase （HDAC）-mediated epigenetic processes in the development of cardio-cerebrovascular injury. HDACs are a family of enzymes to balance the acetylation activities of histone acetyltransferases on chromatin remodeling and play essential roles in regulating gene transcription. To date, 18 mammalian HDACs are identified and grouped into four classes based on similarity to yeast orthologs. The zinc-dependent HDAC family currently consists of 11 members divided into three classes （class I, II, and IV） on the basis of structure, sequence homology, and domain organization. In comparison, class III HDACs （also known as the sirtuins） are composed of a family of NAD＋-dependent protein-modifying enzymes related to the Sir2 gene. HDAC inhibitors are a group of compounds that block HDAC activities typically by binding to the zinc-containing catalytic domain of HDACs and have displayed an- ti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the cardio-cerebrovascular system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about classifications, functions of HDACs and their roles and regulatory mechanisms in the cardio-cerebrovascular system. Pharmacological tar- geting of HDAC-mediated epigenetic processes may open new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of CCVD.

Brain natriuretic peptide and optimal management of heart failure

Aside from the important role of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of heart failure, this biological peptide has proved to be an independent surrogate marker of rehospitalization and death of the fatal disease. Several randomized clinical trials demonstrated that drugs such as beta blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, spiro- nolactone and amiodarone have beneficial effects in decreasing circulating BNP level during the management of chronic heart failure. The optimization of clinical decision-making appeals for a representative surrogate marker for heart failure prognosis. The serial point-of-care assessments of BNP concentration provide a therapeutic goal of clinical multi-therapy and an objective guid- ance for optimal treatment of heart failure. Nevertheless new questions and problems in this area remain to be clarified. On the basis of current research advances, this article gives an overview of BNP peptide and its property and role in the management of heart failure.

Women and exercise in aging

Aging is associated with physiological declines, notably a decrease in bone mineral density （BMD） and lean body mass, with a concurrent increase in body fat and central adiposity. Interest in women and aging is of particular interest partly as a result of gender specific responses to aging, particularly as a result of menopause. It is possible that the onset of menopause may augment the physiological decline associated with aging and inactivity. More so, a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome （an accumulation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including obesity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose） has been shown in middle-aged women during the postmenopausal period. This is due in part to the drastic changes in body composition, as previously discussed, but also a change in physical activity （PA） levels. Sarcopenia is an age related decrease in the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibers that consequently leads to a decline in physical function, gait speed, balance, coordination, decreased BMD, and quality of life. PA plays an essential role in combating physiological decline associated with aging. Maintenance of adequate levels of PA can result in increased longevity and a reduced risk for metabolic disease along with other chronic diseases. The aim of this paper is to review relevant literature, examine current PA guidelines, and provide recom- mendations specific to women based on current research.

Establish Albumin-creatinine Ratio Reference Value of Adults in the Rural Area of Hebei Province

Objective To establish albumin-creatinine ratio （ACR） reference value of the rural population in Hebei province. Methods This study enrolled 5154 participants. By excluding subjects with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and overweight condition, as well as those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR）（60 ml/（min· 1.73 m^2）, apparently healthy subjects （1168） were selected. Urine albumin was measured by using the immunoturbidimetic method, serum creatinine was measured by using Jaffe＇s kinetic method on a morning spot-urine sample, and ACR was calculated. The 95th percentile of ACR in the healthy subjects was used as the normal upper limit. Results The normal upper limit of ACR was 28.71 mg/g （3.25 mg/retool） for males and 31.85 mg/g （3.60 rag/retool） for females. Based on this ACR reference value, the age-gender standardized prevalence of albuminuria in the rural areas of Hebei province was 12.9%. Conclusion The ACR reference value in the rural of Hebei province is higher than that of the Western population.

Status of Clinical Application of Yufeng Ningxin Preparations and the Meta-Analysis of Its Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

Objective The objective of this study was to analyze the status of the clinical application of Yufeng Ningxin(YFNX)preparations and systematically evaluate their efficacy and safety in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Methods Through searching databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang,SinoMed,VIP,PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library,the literature of clinical research on YFNX preparations in treating malignant tumors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases from the establishment of the databases to February 2021 was collected.The clinical randomized controlled trials and case-control studies of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases treated with these preparations were analyzed.Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data,and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies,and meta analysis was performed by using ReMan 5.3 software to analyze the eficacy and safety of YFNX preparations in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Results A total of 29 clinical studies were finally included.The dosage forms were dropping plls,tablets,capsules,and granules.The preparations were used for the treatment of coronary heart disease,hypertension,neuropathic headache,etc.This study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of YFNX preparations in the treatment of coronary heart disease,hypertension,and nervous headache.A total of 1,162 cases were included in 13 studies,582 cases of the YFNX preparation group and 580 cases of the Western medicine group.The results of meta-analysis showed that the clinical efficacy of YFNX preparations combined with the Western medicine group in the treatment of coronary heart disease and hypertension,improving electrocardiogram and reducing the frequency and duration of angina attacks,was better than that of the simple Western medicine group,and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion YFNX preparations are effective for coronary heart disease,hypertension,and neuropathic headache,and the adverse reactions are few.

A review on function of the Naoxintong Capsule in anti atherosclerosis and protection of vascular endothelium

Atherosclerosis(As) is the common pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, it starts with the injury of vascular endothelial. The Naoxintong Capsule, a modern patent traditional Chinese medicine, is composed of Huangqi, Danshen, Quanxie, Shuizhi and other sixteen herbs. It is extensively used to treat coronary heart disease, stroke and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, with the activity of anti-coagulation, anti-inflammatory, protecting endothelial cells, anti-atherogenic and plaque stabilization.

Study Development of the Cardiac Computer Simulations

The technique of computer simulations is a very efficient method in investigating mechanisms of many diseases. This paper reviews how the simulations of the human heart started as a simple mathematical models in the past and developed to the point where genetic information is needed to do suitable work like finding out new medicaments against heart diseases. Also the influence of the development of computer performance in the future as well as the data presentation is described.

A CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE TREATED BY OTOPUNCTURE AT HEART OTOPOINT

In the clinical study of acupuncture for treatment of coronary heart disease, body acupuncture was primarily used, and otopuncture was seldom used. Under the premise of guarantee of therapeutic effects, screening out relatively specific acupoint for treatment of coronary disease is a

Comparative study on cerebral injury after open heart surgery in patients with congenital and rheumatic heart disease

Objective: To comparatively study the different effects of open heart surgery on brain tissues of patients with congenital and rheumatic heart disease. Methods: Forty patients with congenital heart disease (CHD, CHD group, n=20) or rheumatic heart disease (RHD, RHD group, n=20) underwent on-pump (cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB) heart-beating open heart surgery. Blood samples before CPB, and 20 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours and 7 days after CPB were collected, and the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and protein S-100b in the plasma were determined with enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. All the patients were examined with electroencephalogram (EEG) before and 1 week after operation. The changes of NSE, S-100b and EEG compared to verify the difference of postoperative cerebral injury between CHD cases and RHD cases. Results: The plasma level of S-100b increased significantly 20 minutes after CPB and was still higher than the preoperative level at 24 hours after operation in both groups (P< 0.01). The plasma level of NSE increased more significantly in the CHD group than in the RHD group 20 minutes after CPB and it returned to the normal level 24 hours after CPB in the CHD group but remained at a high level in the RHD group (P< 0.01). The levels of NSE and S-100b returned to the normal levels on the 7th day after CPB. Abnormal EEG was found in 75% of the patients in the CHD group and 60% in the RHD group. Conclusions: On-pump heart-beating open heart surgery can cause certain cerebral injury in the patients with CHD or RHD. The injury was more severe and recovered more quickly in the CHD group than in the RHD group.

Causal interactions between the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system

Mental states such as stress and anxiety can cause heart disease.On the other hand,meditation can improve cardiac performance.In this study,the heart rate variability,directed transfer function and corrected conditional entropy were used to investigate the effects of mental tasks on cardiac performance,and the functional coupling between the cerebral cortex and the heart.When subjects tried to decrease their heart rate by volition,the sympathetic nervous system was inhibited and the heart rate decreased.When subjects tried to increase their heart rate by volition,the parasympathetic nervous system was inhibited and the sympathetic nervous system was stimulated,and the heart rate increased.When autonomic nervous system activity was regulated by mental tasks,the information flow from the post-central areas to the pre-central areas of the cerebral cortex increased,and there was greater coupling between the brain and the heart.Use of directed transfer function and corrected conditional entropy techniques enabled analysis of electroencephalographic recordings,and of the information flow causing functional coupling between the brain and the heart.