Heart failure （HF） with preserved ejection fraction （HFpEF） is the most common form of HF in older adults, and is increasing in preva- lence as the population ages. Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proporti...Heart failure （HF） with preserved ejection fraction （HFpEF） is the most common form of HF in older adults, and is increasing in preva- lence as the population ages. Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proportion to HF with reduced EF （HFrEF）, and its prognosis is worsening while that of HFrEF is improving. Despite the importance of HFpEF, our understanding of its pathophysiology is incomplete, and optimal treatment remains largely undefined. A cardinal feature of HFpEF is reduced exercise tolerance, which correlates with symptoms as well as reduced quality of life. The traditional concepts of exercise limitations have focused on central dysfimction related to poor cardiac pump function. However, the mechanisms are not exclusive to the heart and lungs, and the understanding of the pathophysiology of this dis- ease has evolved. Substantial attention has focused on defining the central versus peripheral mechanisms underlying the reduced functional capacity and exercise tolerance among patients with HF. In fact, physical training can improve exercise tolerance via peripheral adaptive mechanisms even in the absence of favorable central hemodynamic function. In addition, the drug trials performed to date in HFpEF that have focused on influencing cardiovascular function have not improved exercise capacity. This suggests that peripheral limitations may play a significant role in HF limiting exercise tolerance, a hallmark feature of HFpEF.展开更多
The rapid development of the network had a huge psychological impact on people＇ s life, ideas, and especially makes prominent phenomenon of mental disorder with the network, it has become attention of sociology, psyc...The rapid development of the network had a huge psychological impact on people＇ s life, ideas, and especially makes prominent phenomenon of mental disorder with the network, it has become attention of sociology, psychology, research of clinical industry. In recent years, research on the phenomenon of Internet addiction focused on qualitative descriptions and study of the theoretical phenomenon, their research focused on the popularity of the first network, the U.S. conducted the most extensive study and makes more online survey. China started this study later, and lack of systematic research on the network psychology, which just mostly understanding the aspect of the phenomenon and countermeasures of stating intemet addiction, or to explore from a single aspect （such as： age, gender, etc.）, it lack of theoretical studies of the psychological mechanisms and motives behind the addictive behavior on the network.展开更多
文摘Heart failure （HF） with preserved ejection fraction （HFpEF） is the most common form of HF in older adults, and is increasing in preva- lence as the population ages. Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proportion to HF with reduced EF （HFrEF）, and its prognosis is worsening while that of HFrEF is improving. Despite the importance of HFpEF, our understanding of its pathophysiology is incomplete, and optimal treatment remains largely undefined. A cardinal feature of HFpEF is reduced exercise tolerance, which correlates with symptoms as well as reduced quality of life. The traditional concepts of exercise limitations have focused on central dysfimction related to poor cardiac pump function. However, the mechanisms are not exclusive to the heart and lungs, and the understanding of the pathophysiology of this dis- ease has evolved. Substantial attention has focused on defining the central versus peripheral mechanisms underlying the reduced functional capacity and exercise tolerance among patients with HF. In fact, physical training can improve exercise tolerance via peripheral adaptive mechanisms even in the absence of favorable central hemodynamic function. In addition, the drug trials performed to date in HFpEF that have focused on influencing cardiovascular function have not improved exercise capacity. This suggests that peripheral limitations may play a significant role in HF limiting exercise tolerance, a hallmark feature of HFpEF.
文摘The rapid development of the network had a huge psychological impact on people＇ s life, ideas, and especially makes prominent phenomenon of mental disorder with the network, it has become attention of sociology, psychology, research of clinical industry. In recent years, research on the phenomenon of Internet addiction focused on qualitative descriptions and study of the theoretical phenomenon, their research focused on the popularity of the first network, the U.S. conducted the most extensive study and makes more online survey. China started this study later, and lack of systematic research on the network psychology, which just mostly understanding the aspect of the phenomenon and countermeasures of stating intemet addiction, or to explore from a single aspect （such as： age, gender, etc.）, it lack of theoretical studies of the psychological mechanisms and motives behind the addictive behavior on the network.
