自杀行为的心理社会因素研究

自杀是一个全球性的社会问题，对自杀的研究涉及到社会学、医学、心理学、伦理学等各个学科，自杀心理的研究是自杀研究中最为重要的内容之一，作者通过对自杀的社会心理因素分析，提出了个性、社会生活事件。

Functional dyspepsia:Are psychosocial factors of relevance?

The pathogenesis of Functional Dyspepsia （FD） remains unclear, appears diverse and is thus inadequately understood. Akin to other functional gastrointestinal disorders, research has demonstrated an association between this common diagnosis and psychosocial factors and psychiatric morbidity. Conceptualising the relevance of these factors within the syndrome of FD requires application of the biopsychosocial model of disease. Using this paradigm, dysregulation of the reciprocal communication between the brain and the gut is central to symptom generation, interpretation and exacerbation. Appreciation and understanding of the neurobiological correlates of various psychological states is also relevant. The view that psychosocial factors exert their influence in FD predominantly through motivation of health care seeking also persists. This appears too one-dimensional an assertion in light of the evidence available supporting a more intdnsic aetiological link. Evolving understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the heterogeneous nature of the syndrome will facilitate effective management. Co-morbid psychiatric illness warrants treatment with conventional therapies. Acknowledging the relevance of psychosocial variables in FD, the degree of which is subject to vadation, has implications for assessment and management. Available evidence suggests psychological therapies may benefit FD patients particularly those with chronic symptoms. The rationale for use of psychotropic medications in FD is apparent but the evidence base to support the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy is to date limited.

Reassessment of functional dyspepsia:A topic review

Dyspepsia itself is not a diagnosis but stands for a constellation of symptoms referable to the upper gastrointestinal tract. It consists of a variable combination of symptoms including abdominal pain or discomfort, postprandial fullness, abdominal bloating, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, heartburn and acid regurgitation. Patients with heartburn and acid regurgitation invariably have gastroesophageal reflux disease and should be distinguished from those with dyspepsia. There is a substantial group of patients who do not have a definite structural or biochemical cause for their symptoms and are considered to be suffering from functional dyspepsia （FD）. Gastrointestinal motor abnormalities, altered visceral sensation, dysfunctional central nervous system-enteral nervous system （CNS- ENS） integration and psychosocial factors have all being identified as important pathophysiological correlates. It can be considered as a biopsychosocial disorder with dysregulation of the brain-gut axis being central in origin of disease. FD can be categorizeo into different subgroups based on the predominant single symptom identified by the patient. This subgroup classification can assist us in deciding the appropriate symptomatic treatment for the patient.

A study on needs analysis of learners of Turkish language

This paper reports a small-scale study of needs analysis of leamers of Turkish as a foreign language at University of Florida. Needs analysis is described in the context of foreign language learning as ＂a systematic and ongoing process of gathering information about students＇ needs and preferences, interpreting the information and then making course decisions in order to meet those needs＂ （Graves, 2000, p. 74）. Because foreign language instruction has become much more learner-centered in recent years, needs analysis is a must for effective learning processes to occur （LONG, 1999, 2005; Kikuchi ＆ Apple, 2006）. In this context, the purpose of this pilot study is to gather information about the students＇ needs in learning Turkish at Center for European Studies, where less commonly taught languages, including Czech, Greek, Hungarian and Polish are offered. Drawing on interview data compiled from a number of studies （Tarone ＆ Yule, 1989; LI ＆ Richards, 1995）, the findings indicate that the students＇ needs may be grouped under four categories including their linguistic needs, their objectives in learning Turkish, learning resources, psychological and sociological factors that may impact their learning experiences. In the light of the interview findings, certain suggestions as to how to teach Turkish effectively are made.

A Different Kind of Tension:Foreign Language Anxiety From a Positive Psychology Perspective

This study investigates anxiety in foreign language learning from a positive psychology perspective,and in doing so,it considers some of the ways in which anxiety can interact with other aspects of language learner psychology to contribute to improved learning outcomes and improved learner well-being.The paper reports on a small-scale mixed-method study of English learners at a university in northern Japan.It shows how for many learners some of the most anxiety-provoking episodes were also the most rewarding and enjoyable,suggesting a need to reconsider simplistic accounts that present anxiety as an impediment to successful language learning.This is done by shifting to a positive psychology perspective.The paper concludes with a tentative model of how anxiety,when reframed as tension,can function as a core component of a more productive language learning experience.

Informal caregivers'quality of life and management strategies following the transformation of their cancer caregiving role:A qualitative systematic review

Objectives:Globally,informal caregivers caring for cancer patients meet challenges within their caregiving role,which significantly influence their quality of life.This qualitative systematic review aimed to analyze how cancer caregiving influence the quality of life of informal caregivers and the management strategies of informal caregivers for their role as cancer caregivers.Methods:Following the enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research(ENTREQ)statement,Wanfang database,the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),CINAHL,MEDLINE,PubMed,Cochrane Library,PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO,and grey literature in English and Chinese from 1 May 2009 to 31 December 2019 were searched.Quality of included studies was assessed by the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme(2018)Qualitative Checklist and thematic synthesis was conducted.Results:Of the 8,945 studies identified,6 studies met the inclusion criteria.One analytical theme relating to the QoL of informal caregivers following cancer caregiving was identified:"challenges of caregiving".In terms of the management strategies to the role of cancer caregivers,two analytical themes were identified:"self-adjustment"and"seeking for formal and informal support".Conclusions:Cancer caregiving influences informal caregivers'QoL significantly and informal caregivers develop diverse coping strategies to deal with the difficulties occurred while balancing the relationship between their own lives and caregiving.However,professional and policy support remain inadequate for informal caregivers that require the need for improvement in terms of health care professionals and policymakers.

CRSG:A congestion control routing algorithm for security defense based on social psychology and game theory in DTN

The inherent selfishness of each node for the enhancement of message successful delivery ratio and the network overall performance improvement are reflected in the contradiction relationship of competition and cooperation in delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN). In particular, the existence of malicious node aggravates this contradiction. To resolve this contradiction, social relationship theory and group theory of social psychology were adopted to do an in-depth analysis. The concrete balancing approach which leveraged Nash equilibrium theory of game theory was proposed to resolve this contradiction in reality. Thus, a new congestion control routing algorithm for security defense based on social psychology and game theory (CRSG) was put forward. Through the experiment, this algorithm proves that it can enhance the message successful delivery ratio by more than 15% and reduce the congestion ratio over 15% as well. This algorithm balances the contradiction relationship between the two key performance targets and made all nodes exhibit strong cooperation relationship in DTN.

Social Psychology in the Marketing

Marketing psychology is science which studies socio-economic phenomena, and explain the application of social market, using psychological methods and theoretical, and is in-depth community school of learning; After nearly 20 years development, Chinese marketing psychology still emphasis on Western-style research, and seems to having divorced from a hot issue of market economy in a way yet to be in efforts to be used in marketing among psychology. Through the discussion of the applications of marketing psychology, trying to appeal to all the scholars return to create the purposes of marketing psychology, like other disciplines, like out of development path of striving to become typical combined with Chinese social market economy and psychology.

Changes in Post-World War II： Italians in Rochester, N.Y.

This article examines the major similarities and differences among Italians who migrated to Rochester, N.Y., before World War II and post-World War Ⅱ. It offers explanations on the similarities and differences among these two groups of migrants. Investigation of historical, sociological, and anthropological sources along with interviews among both populations provides abundant data bearing on the investigation. The successful completion of the research reported in this article has major bearing on the issue of migration itself, theories in history, sociology, and anthropology, and even on social psychological understanding of how choices are made and identity is formulated.

Psychological Analysis of Adolescent Internet Addiction

The rapid development of the network had a huge psychological impact on people＇ s life, ideas, and especially makes prominent phenomenon of mental disorder with the network, it has become attention of sociology, psychology, research of clinical industry. In recent years, research on the phenomenon of Internet addiction focused on qualitative descriptions and study of the theoretical phenomenon, their research focused on the popularity of the first network, the U.S. conducted the most extensive study and makes more online survey. China started this study later, and lack of systematic research on the network psychology, which just mostly understanding the aspect of the phenomenon and countermeasures of stating intemet addiction, or to explore from a single aspect （such as： age, gender, etc.）, it lack of theoretical studies of the psychological mechanisms and motives behind the addictive behavior on the network.

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Social psychology of people affected by hazards is different from normal psychology. For example, severe bank erosion in the lower reach of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal has resulted in significant land loss （-60% of all households lost land over last 20 years） and affected the livelihoods of the people in the study villages along the river. Per capita income has almost halved from 1970-2012 due to land loss. This stark nature of land erosion and vulnerability of livelihood has had far-reaching repercussions on the fabric of society and the psychology of the people in this region. Results showed that erosion-affected villages have registered compara- tively larger average family sizes （-4.1 as compared to -3.9 in non-affected villages）, lower literacy levels （〈 50% compared to 〉 65% for the non-affected villages）, and poor health. Reports of poor health as a result of land erosion include -60% of the respondents having reported physical ailments such as headache and abdominal discomfort, as well as 3%-5% reporting loss of emotional and psychological balance. Villages suffering from erosion showed higher positive loadings in average-coefficient of variation （CV） differential （25%-40%） depicting objectivity in their opinions for select variables of social processes. Principal component analysis （PCA） por- trayed maximum eigenvalues in the first principal component for interpersonal processes （-98%） and a minimum for intergroup proc- esses （-80%）. Categorical principal component analysis （CATPCA） depicted a cluster between interpersonal and intergroup processes and another between intra-individual and group categories. The positive loadings in female-male differences in CV of perceptions portrayed relative consistency of males over the females concerning fear/phobia and physical stress while negative loadings exhibited higher consistency for females regarding psychological stress and shock. Lastly, the Taj fel matrix portrayed a distinction between hazard psychology characterized by maximum joint profit as found in Rukunpur, and normal psychology characterized by in-group favoritism as found in Matiari.

In Colombia We Are All Poor

For many, poverty is one of the fundamental problems of Colombia, despite the fact that the economy of the country has been growing and there are efforts of the national government, business, academia, and civil society to contribute to the improvement of this condition. In March 2015, the National Administrative Department of Statistics （DANE, for its Spanish acronym） indicated that in 2014 there was a reduction in the monetary and multidimensional poverty in Colombia. But the truth is that in Colombia we are all poor. We have not been able to take advantage of the visible and invisible wealth we possess. In this sense, this paper provides reflective elements about the fundamental role of three key players in reducing this condition, such as the social sciences from community psychology; the State, with the strengthening of cultural policies; and higher education, viewed from the paradigm of university social responsibility. These reflections are the results of the first phase of a research that is being carried out in an area of the city of Bogota, in which the Catholic University of Colombia, since 2 011, has been developing a process of community intervention to contribute to overcoming poverty. This research is a partnership with universities of Brazil and Mexico, with the purpose to develop knowledge and have an impact on public policy in the respective countries.

Psychosocial oncology in China——Challenges and opportunities

Objective:In China over the past decade,psychosocial oncology has emerged as a new program. Development of this program requires attention to current opportunities,obstacles and cultural concerns. Methods: A selected literature review of academic papers in Chinese and English language journals and web sites was analyzed for themes regarding the current status,challenges,and opportunities for psychosocial oncology in China. Results: China’s national cancer strategy (2004-2010),based on WHO guidelines,is focused on cancer prevention and treatment,as well as quality of life among cancer patients and their families. The Chinese Anti-Cancer Association is now funding research,training and international collaboration in psychosocial oncology. The newly organized Chinese Psychosocial Oncology Society,founded in 2006,aims to provide a national forum for psychosocial oncology research. Cultural and systemic challenges to establishing psychosocial oncology as a core discipline in China include: (1) the family’s desire to ‘protect’ cancer patients by with-holding cancer-related information; (2) stigma and privacy regarding mental health issues; (3) biomedical practitioners’ claims that psychosocial on-cology is not sufficiently evidence-based; and (4) limited funding for psychosocial oncology care and research. Conclusion: The International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS) is considered a valuable resource towards China’s interest in partnering with the international psychosocial oncology community to enhance the discipline globally.

The Contingent Valuation Method for Thessaloniki＇s Aesthetic Pollution in Greece

The purpose of this study is to provide an evaluation of the possible criteria used by the people of Thessaloniki for the evaluation of public goods and the investigation of the benefits of the conservation and restoration of city structures affected by carbon monoxide. These benefits are expressed in monetary units by using the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method）. The maintenance of the urban environment often entails excessive costs paid by the people through taxation. A city free of aesthetic pollution results in an increase in tourism. A portion of taxation paid by the citizens is allocated to cleaning the city. An increase in tourism provides the government with additional revenue through VAT （Value Added Taxes）. The main findings show that in a large proportion, 28% of the interviewees are willing to pay, but those that are willing to pay significant amounts tend to prefer mild interventions to the buildings, while those （42%） that agree with minimal to null amount demand radical intervention. The latter group, also, considers any contribution of theirs to restoration as unfair, judging that this expenditure should be covered exclusively by the State. Last but not least, from a sociopsychological point of view, this attitude could be attributed to extreme personalities which tend to prefer more holistic and direct solutions （i.e., no mixed strategy involving people and the State is acceptable by interviewees who considered themselves as having no further obligations after regular tax-paying）; as a result, they think that the State is exclusively responsible to resolve the situation.

Influence and Countermeasures of Network to psychology of juvenile delinquency

With the majority of young people increasingly becoming the main force of the use of the network, the network as a new kind of social factors on the growth of young people is increasingly prominent. Network not only help young people broaden their horizons, accept avant-garde concept, concern about the world cutting-edge issues, but also spread some violence, pornographic or reactionary spare, as well as network addiction problem which will cause a serious negative impact on the healthy growth of young people and lead to increasing juvenile crime. The number of juvenile criminals has increased every year in China and has trended to lowering ages, regiment turn and malignant development, which will cause great harm to social stability. Of course, there are many causes of juvenile delinquency, but showing characteristics are also diverse.

Techno-psychological Aspects of Social Media Behaviors

Social media has become an inevitable part of our lives in the age of network society. People establish multiple identities for themselves, with or without references to the real world, and behave according to those identities. Self-made components of virtual presence are not limited to identities only; many users also create hyper-personalities for themselves with the help of new technologies. Then, the fundamental question becomes： Why do people create self-made identities and hyper-personalities to portray or hide themselves in social media environments？ The answer to this question has certain connections and implications for behaviors of social media users. Therefore, researchers have investigated why some people find social media attractive and attend whenever possible, while others are afraid of social media and hesitate to attend. Positive and negative behaviors of social media users can be classified as braggadocian and preventative. Braggadocian behaviors are related to courageously taking advantage of social media, whereas preventative behaviors are concerned with avoidance of social media. The dominant behavioral pattern of a user depends on what one can achieve through attending or preventing social media. This paper first discusses basic elements of human behavior that drive social media such as altruism, hedonism, connectionism, homophily, multiple identities, memetics, narcissism, and tribalism. Then, it focuses on precautionary elements of human behavior such as avoidance, escape, blocking, fear, hiding, removal, and protectionism. Whether they are attentive or not, one thing is clear： People refrain or enrich their own lives in social media rather than being abused or watching others in industrial media.

On the theoretical basis of linguistics and modem cultural studies

Language study is closely related to the ecological literature and cultural studies. The predicament of modern ecological literature and cultural theory is that there no linguistic theory to rely on. Biolinguistics emphasize the two-way interaction between language and environment, regard language as the intermediate link between nature and culture. It combines the ＂environment＂ of language with nature and social psychology. Thus this theory studies beyond such one-way determinism of traditional linguistics as ＂the world constructed language＂ or ＂language of the construction of the world,＂ concerning the relationship between language and the world. It also goes beyond the dualism of ＂naturatness＂ of language and ＂agreement＂ of the issue to become the real eco-dialectical linguistic theory with rich ＂argument＂ . This theory can help people better understand the relationship between text and the world, nature and culture, natural ecology and social spiritual ecology. Therefore it is a basic theory of modern literature, cultural studies, as well as one of the most leading and challenging issue for the study of ecological poetic and culture abroad.

The concept of ＂Matthew effect＂ used in the education work

the Matthew Effect （Matthew Effect） refers to the phenomenon that the stronger is becoming the strong and the weak weaker, which widely used in social psychology, education, finance, and science, and many other fields, it has the characteristics of dynamic, universality and continuity. This article embarks from the comprehensive analysis of the concept of ＂Matthew effect＂ , and emphatically discusses the characteristics of the Matthew effect, in the education work performance, and puts forward how to use the ＂Matthew effect＂ to construct good education environment, expect to make a reference to improve education teaching,

Imagination as a Means of Accounting for the Alternation Between Imprisonment and Freedom in James Welch＇s Novel： The Heart Song of Charging Elk

My paper analyzes the issue of the alternation between two complementary concepts which can be analyzed in the novel The Heart Song of Charging Elk： imprisonment and freedom. In order to achieve this goal, I have used several critical theories of authors such as： Michel Foucault, Carl Jung, and Pierre Bourdieu. The analysis is concerned with exploring the alternation between the themes of freedom and imprisonment and the way in which these issues influence the evolution of the main character. I argue that the two themes are in a relation of interdependency and they can be interpreted as opposites from a rational point of view. The rational point of view, although valuable, is, however, incomplete without the exploration of the emotional and subjective factor. This factor can account for the ＂unreasonable＂ events from a broader perspective： that of the imagination. As Michel Foucault argues, power exists only in action. Power is also a rather elusive concept. In the same way, the perception of reality can be represented more accurately from a subjective point of view. More exactly, reality is constructed with every thought, emotion, and action of the individual. To sum up, I argue that, from a sociological point of view, the main character is striving to assimilate his personality in a new and hostile cultural environment. On the other hand, from a psychological point of view, he is confronting his inner shadow, as Carl Jung defines the hidden part of the personality. This has a result of the emergence of a genuine sense of self. As the critic Pierre Bourdieu argues, there are a set of common characteristics of taste which define the social belonging of an individual. In the analyzed novel the character manages to adapt to the new situation and to overcome the obstacles that he finds on his way.

Psychological and Philosophical Readings of the Spectatorship of Bollywood and Indian Tamil Film in Sri Lanka

The objective of this study is to explore the psychic, moral, ethical and logical significances in the spectatorship of Bollywood and Tamil film in the Sri Lanka. Bollywood and Tamil film has been taking a very popular cultural performance in Sri Lanka. The original Indian spectatorship of these film traditions has been diverted by the cultural and political psychology of Sri Lanka. Hence, this local orientation of the Indian cinema remains a quite metamorphosis and deconstruction in its appreciation and screening in terms of the social, cultural and political features that deeply-rooted in Sri Lankan history, culture and geographical limitations. For this study, several film texts, which include typical Bollywood and Tamil film characteristic features were used and observed on how they have been absorbed in the Sri Lankan cultural society. And on the other hand, some audience surveys specific to different film appreciation contexts were conducted. They included urban slums, semi-rural Muslim societies, north and east areas of Tamil villages, Colombo urban society, Tamil state areas and Kandyan Sinhala rural villages. In the textual analysis of the film content, implicit psychological narrations and their social and aesthetic interpretations were revealed in the analytical explanations. Using the audience surveys, many different opinions that can be traditionally filtered in the screening and appreciation of these film traditions specific to their living cultural settings were also identified. In conclusion, perception in Sinhala film has been considerably designed by the experience of Bollywood and Tamil film spectatorship is deducted by this study. Hence, not only this social trend affected to the appreciation of film in local general audience but also in all the facets of film production （script writing, shooting, acting, dialoguing, music and choreography and screening） has also significantly being influenced by the Bollywood and Tamil film. As a result of this evolution of local film culture, most recent trend in Sinhala film noir is also being followed by the early subjective consequences of Bollywood and Tamil film culture in Sri Lanka.