名辩学与因明学中的逻辑比较——以公孙龙《坚白论》《白马论》和因明学中的相关命题为中心

通过比较公孙龙《坚白论》《白马论》与心类学、摄类学的内容,指出了两者的相同点和不同点。首先,《坚白论》和心类学两者都强调感官职能的独立性,承认个性和共性的差异,心类学因学科本身注重对认识产生的条件、过程、结果等内容的探讨,其内容比《坚白论》更具理论性。其次,比较《白马论》与摄类学的内容,指出公孙龙的“白马非马”命题主要反对“白马”和“马”两个词项外延关系的同一性和内涵的一致性。摄类学中“白马是白马,但白马非白”的复合命题在《白马论》中同样承许,但在摄类学的特定语境中承认“马非白马”而不直接承认“白马非马”的命题。最后,公孙龙的《坚白论》和《白马论》体现了“正名实而化天下”的意图,因明学侧重“正确认识”获得的途径和方法,但两者能够各取所长、互相借鉴,共同为丰富和发展中华文化的逻辑内容提供思想元素。

A New Type of Embryo Sac in Cardiopteris and Its Systematic Implication

报道心翼果属 (CardiopterisWall.exRoyle)一种新的胚囊类型 :胚珠无珠被、直生、薄珠心。成熟胚囊中 ,卵器位于合点端 ,反足细胞位于珠孔端。这样的胚囊在所有进行过胚胎学研究的被子植物中系首次发现。合子和胚胎也位于合点端。心翼果属的这一新特征无疑是特异性的 。

Incremental learning of the triangular membership functions based on single-pass FCM and CHC genetic model

In order to improve the efficiency of learning the triangular membership functions( TMFs) for mining fuzzy association rule( FAR) in dynamic database,a single-pass fuzzy c means( SPFCM)algorithm is combined with the real-coded CHC genetic model to incrementally learn the TMFs. The cluster centers resulting from SPFCM are regarded as the midpoint of TMFs. The population of CHC is generated randomly according to the cluster center and constraint conditions among TMFs. Then a new population for incremental learning is composed of the excellent chromosomes stored in the first genetic process and the chromosomes generated based on the cluster center adjusted by SPFCM. The experiments on real datasets show that the number of generations converging to the solution of the proposed approach is less than that of the existing batch learning approach. The quality of TMFs generated by the approach is comparable to that of the batch learning approach. Compared with the existing incremental learning strategy,the proposed approach is superior in terms of the quality of TMFs and time cost.

A New View on Teaching Motivation Self-determination Theory

Self-determination Theory categorises motivation into three broad types： amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation according to the level of self-determination. This theory argues that people＇s motivation is a developmental process across time and place. Furthermore, it emphasizes that three basic psychological needs--a need for competence, a need for autonomy, and a need for relatedness--are the nutriments of motivation. Thus, as this theory not only concerns the type of motivation, but also the circumstances that promote and maintain motivation, it offers insight to the nature of lecturers＇ motivation. It is claimed to be one of the most influential theories in contemporary motivation psychology

Cultural Psychology： An Interdisciplinary Perspective

Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to which multiple institutions and journals have been dedicated. This paper presents an outline of the discipline of Cultural Psychology from an American interdisciplinary perspective. The pitfalls of General Psychology （research methodology, politicization, and an essentialist hermeneutic） and Anthropology （an epistemological gap in the four fields approach, psychophobia, and the role of the researcher in cultural change） are addressed, in turn. Cultural Psychology provides an alternative to these pitfalls by drawing on the strengths of each discipline to address both theoretical and empirical problems. Cultural Psychology urges for a critical reflection on the social structure and history of its own discipline, resulting in a broader academic canon and a more nuanced understanding of interdisciplinary relations within the human sciences.

Changes in Post-World War II： Italians in Rochester, N.Y.

This article examines the major similarities and differences among Italians who migrated to Rochester, N.Y., before World War II and post-World War Ⅱ. It offers explanations on the similarities and differences among these two groups of migrants. Investigation of historical, sociological, and anthropological sources along with interviews among both populations provides abundant data bearing on the investigation. The successful completion of the research reported in this article has major bearing on the issue of migration itself, theories in history, sociology, and anthropology, and even on social psychological understanding of how choices are made and identity is formulated.

T. S. Eliot＇s Spiritual Journey in Designing The Cocktail Party as a Drama of Conversion

In his quest for spiritual fulfillment, Thomas Stearns Eliot conducts a meticulous religious study which teaches him distinctive interpretations of human existence and their various functions that they are supposed to assume in the world. Eliot＇s personal attachment to religious knowledge and his reflections of religious studies inevitably manifest themselves in his literary works; be it his dramas or poems, mostly in the forms of philosophical and psychoanalytical analysis of his characters and the detected problems observed in their relationships. The Cocktail Party, a play starting off as a drawing-room comedy soon converts to a serious analysis of human psychology and the nature of human interactions. While engaging with these particular points, the play offers possibilities to discuss several religious allusions, though dealt with subtly. Integrated with religion, characters＇ attitudes towards a given situation and their final decision position them in their quest either in ＂hypothetical＂ enlightenment or in a ＂supposed＂ repetition of a vicious circle. The enforcing power behind the play is interestingly a psychiatrist, who adds dynamism and mystery to the plot and has a special task in making the play a drama of conversion. The inner conflicts of the characters which ultimately lead to a series of problems in their relationships are the main concern which causes the characters search for different solutions. Accordingly, they make their own choices to cease their inner struggles. This paper aims to explore the concept of conversion in Eliot＇s The Cocktail Party with references to the playwright＇s religious journey in his literary career.

Techno-psychological Aspects of Social Media Behaviors

Social media has become an inevitable part of our lives in the age of network society. People establish multiple identities for themselves, with or without references to the real world, and behave according to those identities. Self-made components of virtual presence are not limited to identities only; many users also create hyper-personalities for themselves with the help of new technologies. Then, the fundamental question becomes： Why do people create self-made identities and hyper-personalities to portray or hide themselves in social media environments？ The answer to this question has certain connections and implications for behaviors of social media users. Therefore, researchers have investigated why some people find social media attractive and attend whenever possible, while others are afraid of social media and hesitate to attend. Positive and negative behaviors of social media users can be classified as braggadocian and preventative. Braggadocian behaviors are related to courageously taking advantage of social media, whereas preventative behaviors are concerned with avoidance of social media. The dominant behavioral pattern of a user depends on what one can achieve through attending or preventing social media. This paper first discusses basic elements of human behavior that drive social media such as altruism, hedonism, connectionism, homophily, multiple identities, memetics, narcissism, and tribalism. Then, it focuses on precautionary elements of human behavior such as avoidance, escape, blocking, fear, hiding, removal, and protectionism. Whether they are attentive or not, one thing is clear： People refrain or enrich their own lives in social media rather than being abused or watching others in industrial media.

Perspectives of Chunk Analyses

This paper reviews three main perspectives of chunk analyses： traditional phraseological, psycholinguistic, and corpus linguistic perspectives. Traditional phraseological perspective focuses on syntactic and semantic aspects of chunks and its most important criteria of chunk identifications and classifications are compositionality and frozenness/fixedness. Psycholinguistic perspective focuses on the psychological salience of chunks and its most important criterion of identifying a chunk is whether it is processed as a whole unit. Corpus linguistic perspective focuses on frequencies of chunks and its identification of chunks is done on the basis of frequency counts. All of the three perspectives have tapped into the phenomenon of multi-word combinations and yielded fruitful findings on the use of chunks in aspects of quantitative, syntactic, semantic, functional, and psychological features; however, each has their pros and cons

Analyses on Research Status of CSR in the World

Based on the web of Science database, such as the countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and the distribution of research fields, the number of corporate social responsibility（CSR）, articles published during 20 years （1994 to 2013 ） in the world were analyzed by bibliometric method. The total of 1,544 articles and their top 20 countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and research fields for the literature types, the number of annual articles was retrieved globally. Analyses of status and trends of CSR researches in the world based on bibliometrics were performed for providing information to CSR researchers and decision makers.

Ethical Implications of Systems Methodology Applied to Industrial Ecology

The systemic view on industry and on production and consumption pattern is an essential feature of the industrial ecology （IE） concept. One consequence of this view is to investigate industrial flows and consumer activities, and their effects on the environment in order to evaluate and eventually optimize these flows with the help of a systems methodology. Industrial ecology has been developed by engineers and natural scientists and its ethical core canon often manifests in anthropocentric assertions such as harmonizing the contradiction between nature and culture with scientific expertise, appropriate technology and socio-economic management. This paper argues however for a biocentric inspired, normative reading of some characteristics of industrial ecology＇s systems methodology. The presumption for the value of this endeavor is that industrial ecology＇s systems methodology has a potential for developing directions for the design of a possible sustainable world.

The Discourse Analysis of Ecology from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics

In recent decades, ecological problems are becoming more and more serious, which are focused worldwide. ＂Eco-[inguistics＂ （EL） also called ＂Ecology of Language＂ emerges in the situation that scholars try their best to solve the problems in linguistics. As an emerging interdisciplinary area of ecology and linguistics, eco-linguistics aims at analyzing the ecological phenomenon in language, exploring the relation between language and environment, and looking for the variety of internal patterns of language. At present, scholars at home have made a lot of achievements with the tendency from theoretical studies to practical studies. On the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics and the transitivity method of Systemic Functional Linguistics（SFL）, by analyzing two texts excerpted from BBC news reports which involve two kinds of animals, this article tries to explore the relation between human and animals and our attitudes toward different animals, analyze the ecological elements and hidden non-ecological features in the discourses, reveal the essential reasons for ecological disruption---inherent human ideology, interpret the influences on nature. We expect that people pay more attention to the issues of environment protection, change anthropocentrism to ecocentrism which builds the harmonious relation between human and nature.

Early changes and rules of cardiac function and hemodynamics in rabbits with experimental myocardial contusion

Objective: To study changes and rules of the left ventricular functions in rabbits with myocardial contusion through parallel functional analysis by using echocardiography combined with cardiac catheter intervention. Methods: Thirty healthy rabbits were selected and impacted to make moderate or severe myocardial contusion by BIM II biomedical impact machine. The changes of hemodynamics and cardiac systolic and diastolic functions were respectively observed before injury and 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours after injury. Results: After myocardial contusion, the heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure of rabbits decreased remarkably at 1 4 hours. The left ventricular end systolic pressure (LVESP), the maximum increasing rate of the left intraventricular pressure (+dp/dtmax), isovolumic pressure (IP) and the maximum systolic velocity of the left ventricle (Vmax) also decreased markedly. And then these parameters recovered to the level of preinjury at 8 24 hours. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), the rate of the left intraventricular pressure (-dp/dtmax) and the decreasing time constant of the left intraventricular pressure (T) increased remarkably 1 hour after myocardial contusion, and did not decrease until 8 hours after myocardial contusion. Detection by echocardiography showed that ejection fraction of the left ventricle markedly decreased at 24 hours after myocardial contusion, while the systolic volume decreased obviously as early as 1 hour after myocardial contusion, at 4 8 hours it recovered a little and again decreased at 24 hours. The end systolic volume and end diastolic volume increased after myocardial contusion, but statistical significance was only seen at 8 hours after myocardial contusion.Conclusions: Cardiac functions of the left and right ventricles are markedly injured after myocardial contusion with disorders of the left ventricle diastolic function and of the right ventricle systolic function as the dominant injury. While the systolic function of the left ventricle can recover. Echocardiography shows clinical importance in detection of early injuries of cardiac functions.

A Lecture Delivered at Beijing Foreign Studies University, May 12, 2019

This article traces the evolution of the field of second language acquisition/development(SLA/SLD). It chronicles the evolution in terms of different disciplines and theories that have been influential, beginning with the origin of SLA/SLD in linguistic thinking and expanding its scope of inquiry to psycholinguistics. It has developed further with the disciplines of anthropology and sociology holding sway. More recently, newer cognitive theories have been influential. The article discusses the recent call for a transdisciplinary approach. More specifically, the author promotes the adoption of complex dynamic systems theory, in keeping with non-reductionist systems thinking. Not only is this sociocognitive theory an interdisciplinary theory, but it also highlights the dynamic, variable, nonlinear nature of second language development. This it does within an ecological conception of development, which insists on the relevance of context. It also maintains that SLA/SLD is not a matter of input becoming output, but rather that language patterns emerge from the interaction of its users, given the affordances that they perceive. The article concludes with a discussion of several instructional issues.