心经经脉与心脏相关联系的形态学研究

目的:从牵涉痛产生的机理出发,探讨心源性牵涉痛区(沿上肢内侧面分布)和心经与心相关的神经科学机制。方法:将三种荧光素(快蓝、碘化丙啶、双苯甲亚胺)分别注入心经、肺经穴位和心脏,观察C6～T5节段脊神经节中标记细胞的分布。结果:左右两侧标记心经穴位与心脏的双标细胞平均数均高于标记肺经穴位与心脏的双标细胞,而左侧心经穴位心脏的双标神经元与左侧肺经穴位心脏的双标神经元具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。左侧心经穴位心脏双标细胞明显多于右侧同节段的双标细胞(P<0.05)。结论:脊神经节细胞的轴突有分支现象,其一支分布于心脏,一支分布于上肢,这种现象是体表内脏相关和经脉脏腑相关的神经形态学基础;心经循行线与心脏之间的脊神经节细胞分支支配现象更明显,提示心经、心源性牵涉痛与心脏的联系有相对特异性,这种特异性联系的神经基础是神经节段的相同性和神经分布的密度。

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE OF ACUPOINTS OF THE HEART MERIDIAN ON ECG, SMALL INTESTINAL ELECTROGRAM AND EEG IN THE RABBIT WITH MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA

In the present paper, effects of electroacupuncture (EA) of 3 points of the Heart Meridian and other 3 points of the Lung Meridian on changes of electrocardiogram (ECG), small intestinal electrogram (SIG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) in intravenous drip of pituitrin induced myocardial ischemia rabbits. The three points of the Heart Meridian are "Shenmen" (HT 7), "Lingdao" (HT 4) and one point between HT 7 and HT 4, the 3 points of the Lung Meridian are "Taiyuan"(LU 9), Lieque (LU 7) and one point between LU 9 and LU 7. These points are punctured with filiform needles and stimulated electrically by setting the parameters being frequency of 2.5 Hz, dense sparse waves and duration of 10 min. Results display that the regulative effect of EA of the Heart Meridian is superior to that of EA of the Lung Meridian on the three indexes, showing a closer correlation between the whole Heart Meridian and activities of ECG, SIG and EEG.

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE OF THE HEART MERIDIAN ACUPOINTS ON ISCHEMIC CARDIAC FUNCTION IN THE RABBIT

Subjective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of acupoints of the Heart Meridian and Lung Meridian on ischemic cardiac systolic ability for analyzing the relative specific relationship between the Heart Meridian and the heart. Methods: Acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) was produced by intravenous infusion of pituitrin (40 u + 5% glucose injection 500 ml, 60 drips/min) in the rabbit. Left intraventricular pressure (LVP), maximal rising velocity of LVP (dp/dt max), isovolumetric pressure (IP) and end-diastolic pressure (EDP) of the left cardiac ventricle were used as the indexes. Three points of Heart Meridian [HM, from 'Shenmen' (HT 7) to 'Lingdao' (HT 4)] and the three points of Lung Meridian [LM, from 'Taiyuan' (LU 9) to 'Lieque' (LU 7)] were punctured with filiform needles and stimulated with hand-manipulation and electrically with ZY2-1 EA Therapeutic Apparatus. 30 rabbits anesthetized with urethane (1 g/kg) were randomly and evenly divided into control group, HM group and LM group. Result-s: The effects of EA of HM points were evidently superior to those of EA of LM points in promoting the recovery of both AMI-induced decrease of LVP and dp/dtmax, and AMI-induced increase of IP and EDP. Conclusion: Acupoints of Heart Meridian has a relatively specific connection with the heart in comparison with those of Lung Meridian; and the Heart Meridian is a functional whole.

OMNIPLANE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGING PLANES EXPLORATION

One hundred and twenty-four patients with heart disease were examined by omniplane TEE in order to systematically research every views of omniplane TEE, and further explore anatomy and image feature of each view. The result showed that omniplane TEE transducer can be rotated in probe from 0°to 180°.obtain many views at various angles behind the heart and fully demonstrate the structure and pathology of the heart and great vessels. It was useful for clinical diagnosis because of getting more information about the heart and great vessels. As omniplane TEE probe was little rotated in esophagus, it lessened esophagus stimulation. Meanwhile, it was suitable for three-dimensional reconstruction of left ventriculum.

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF OMNIPLANE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

One hundred and twenty-four patients with heart disease(75 cases of rheumatic heart disease,26 cases of congenital heart disease,13 cases of aortic disease and 10 cases of other disease)were examined by Omniplane transesophageal echocardiography(TEE).The result showed that Omniplane TEE transducer can be rotated from 0°to 180°in probe and had the advantages of broader scope,obtaining more information,less stimulation to esophagus and easy to manipulate.It suggests that Omniplane TEE is a efficient technique in clinical diagnosis and can be extensively used in the future.

Industrial Structural Changes in Hong Kong,China under One Country,Two Systems Framework

Hong Kong has undergone substantial economic transformations and developed into a sophisticated busi- ness and financial center in the Asia-Pacific region, since the return of sovereignty to China as a Special Administrative Region under the One Country Two Systems （OCTS） in 1997. This paper discusses and analyzes the industrial struc- tural changes of Hong Kong in recent decades as well as its future challenges and opportunities, The data and finding reveal that even though Hong Kong will face fierce competition from the Mainland＇s cities as the rise of China, the important role as a bridge between China and the rest of the world wilt brace Hong Kong itself under the OCTS for developing into a service hub for business and trade in the Asia-Pacific region.

Tianjin, Thriving City of Rivers

TIANJIN is one of China’s four municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the central government.Located to the east of Beijing,it faces the Bohai Sea and is an international shipping hub at the economic center of the Bohai Rim.China（Tianjin）Pilot Free Trade Zone serves the whole of North China.

The Seasickness as Marine Problem-Case Study

Motion sickness is one of the main reasons why travelling by sea becomes a bad memory for a number of people, mainly due to a nauseating symptom. The aim of this paper is to characterize a condition called seasickness that has affected many people from a mathematical and psychological point of view. Based on the mathematical characterization, an existing model will be reviewed and described. In the psychological aspects, a statistical study of two hundred and thirteen people was performed in order to provide a comprehensive view of the different psychological factors affecting the passengers. Motion sickness also impacts onboard safety, as it reduces the effectiveness and the operating capability of the crew when responding to hazardous situations.

Urbanisation and Economic Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The fundamental characteristics of urbanisation and economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of 19th, and at the beginning of 20th century, have been discussed in the paper. The recent developmental urban processes have been considered through three groups of indicators： demographic, regional and socio-geographic development. Based on results of the surveys conducted in the regional economic centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011, a development of urban functions in the urban centres has been shown. It has been proved that the dominant tertiary activities have a big importance and an intensive influence on urban and economic development in all urban settlements. The research included a theoretical part within which the literature on urban and economic development of settlements has been searched. For needs of the research, eight economic centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina were chosen. Analysis of the obtained results shows a different level of urbanisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina with particularly separated larger and asymmetrically distributed urban centres： Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Banja Luka, Zenica, and Biha6. The mentioned urban and economic centres are distributed along the major traffic communications. The settlements in east and west part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which a traffic network is poorly developed, have a lower urbanisation level. The obtained data proved the existence of a traditional difference and a different level in development of particular regions and total economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Low urbanisation level of a large number of settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is in direct connection with economic development and density of those settlements. The achieved urbanisation level with an overall economic development is characteristic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of the other countries in its surroundings as well.

Economy

Shanghai International Gold Trading Center Starts Operation The Shanghai International Gold Trading Center was recently launched as the first international trading platform in China（Shanghai）Pilot Free Trade Zone（FTZ）.The Shanghai FTZ is also preparing to establish other international trading centers.In the Shanghai gold trading center,foreigners are allowed to invest in China’s gold market.According to Li Jun,

Pump models assessed by transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

OBJECTIVE: Transesophageal echocardiography was performed during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in in-hospital cardiac arrest to further explore the hemodynamic mechanism of CPR. METHODS: CPR attempts were performed according to advanced cardiovascular life support guidelines in 6 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Multi-plane transesophageal echocardiography was carried out within 15 min of initiation of CPR. Throughout CPR, the motion of the mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves, the changes in the left ventricular cavity size and the thoracic aortic diameter were observed. Trans-mitral and trans-aortic Doppler files of blood flow were also documented. RESULTS: A closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves with simultaneous opening of the aortic valve occurred exclusively during chest compression, resulting in forward blood flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Peak forward aortic flow at a velocity of 58.8 +/- 11.6 cm/s was recorded during the compression phase. Whereas, a closure of the aortic valve and rapid opening of the atrioventricular valves associated with ventricular filling during relaxation of chest compression was noted in all 6 patients. Peak forward mitral flow at a velocity of 60.6 +/- 20.0 cm/s was recorded during the release phase. Mitral regurgitation during the chest compression period was detected in 5 patients, reflecting a positive ventricular-to-atrial pressure gradient. A reduction in the left ventricular chamber and an increase in the thoracic aortic diameter during the compression phase was found in all patients, indicating that direct cardiac compression contributed to forward blood flow. CONCLUSION: These observations favor the cardiac pump theory as the predominant hemodynamic mechanism of forward blood flow during CPR in human beings.

Low dose transdermal scopolamine increases cardiac vagal tone in patients after acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether transdermal scopolamine increased cardiac vagal activity in patients during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. METHODS: 30 patients with a first acute myocardial infarction and preserved sinus rhythm who were on no drug that could influence the sinus node were randomly assigned to either treatment group or placebo group. Measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients given drug or placebo were obtained by digital 24 hour Holter recording before and after treatment. Baroreflex sensitivity was performed using the phenylephrine method. RESULTS: No significant differences was found in the indices of the time domain and the frequency domain in both groups before treatment. Patients with transdermal scopolamine showed a significant increase in the standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of all five min mean normal RR intervals (SDANN), root mean square of differences of successive normal RR intervals (rMSSD), total power (TP, 0.000. - 0.40 Hz), low frequency peak (LF, 0.040 - 0.15 Hz), high frequency peak (HF, 0.15 - 0.40 Hz), and Baroreflex sensitivity after treatment (P

Effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment on the protein expression of c-fos in fastigial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus area in rats with acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Objective:To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA)pretreatment on the protein expression of c-fos in fastigial nucleus(FN)and lateral hypothalamus area(LHA)in rats with acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI),and to explore the role and mechanism of FN and LHA in EA at the Heart Meridian fighting against acute MIRI reaction.Methods:Seventy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group,a model group,an EA-Heart Meridian group and an EA-Lung Meridian group,with 14 rats in each group;an LHA lesion plus EA-Heart Meridian group(LHA+EA-Heart Meridian group)and a FN lesion plus EA-Heart Meridian group(FN+EA-Heart Meridian group),with 7 rats in each group.Except the sham operation group,the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery was ligated to establish acute MIRI rat models in the other 5 groups.In the three groups with EA-Heart Meridian treatment,Shenmen(HT 7)and Tongli(HT 5)were selected;Taiyuan(LU 9)and Lieque(LU 7)were selected in the EA-Lung Meridian group.All the EA groups received EA stimulation prior to modeling,with 1 mA in current intensity and 2 Hz in frequency,20 min each time,once a day for a total of 7 d.The sham operation group and the model group did not receive EA stimulation.The electrocardiogram was observed in the rats to analyze the ST-segment deviation and cardiac arrhythmia score.The expression of c-fos protein in FN and LHA was detected by immunohistochemistry method.Results:Compared with the sham operation group,the ST-segment deviation,cardiac arrhythmia score and the expression of c-fos protein in the FN and LHA increased significantly in the model group(all P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the ST-segment deviation,cardiac arrhythmia score and the expression of c-fos protein in FN and LHA decreased significantly in the EA-Heart Meridian group(all P<0.05).Compared with the EA-Heart Meridian group,the ST-segment deviation and cardiac arrhythmia score increased significantly in the EA-Lung Meridian group,LHA+EA-Heart Meridian group and FN+EA-Heart Meridian group(all P<0.05);the expression of c-fos in FN increased significantly in the EA-Lung Meridian group and LHA+EA-Heart Meridian group(both P<0.05);the expression of c-fos in LHA increased significantly in the EA-Lung Meridian group and FN+EA-Heart Meridian group(both P<0.05).Conclusion:FN and LHA are involved in the mechanism of EA at Heart Meridian to improve the acute MIRI reactions,and the cerebellum may participate in the improvement of cardiac function by EA through the cerebellum-hypothalamus projection.

Effect of electroacupuncture at the Pericardium Meridian on the heart function of volunteers with acute hypoxia

Objective： To study the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） at the Pericardium Meridian on the heart function of volunteers with acute hypoxia, and to provide scientific evidence for the acupoints selection along the affected meridian in acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. Methods： Based on a self-control design, eighteen healthy volunteers were recruited in the study. Points from the Pericardium Meridian [Neiguan （PC 6）, Ximen （PC 4）, Quze （PC 3） and Tianquan （PC 2）], non-Pericardium Meridian point [Shousanli （LI 10）], non-meridian and non-acupoint points [1.0-1.5 cm lateral to Neiguan （PC 6） and Ximen （PC 4）, respectively on both sides], and a blank control （only inhaling low-oxygen gas without EA stimulation] were selected to observe, once every week, 10 sessions in total, and only 1 acupoint was observed once. The volunteers inhaled low-oxygen gas mixture （10.8% 02 and 89.2% N2] for 30 min to imitate acute hypoxia. EA was conducted when the gas mixture was inhaled for 10 min and then lasted for 20 min; meanwhile, hemodynamic indexes such as cardiac output （CO）, cardiac index （Cl）, systemic vascular resistance （SVR）, systemic vascular resistance index （SVRI], left cardiac work （LCW], left cardiac work index （LCWl） and heart rate （HR） were recorded on a hemodynamic monitor. Results： EA at the acupoints of Pericardium Meridian significantly down-regulated the increased CO/CI, LCW/LCWl, and HR （P〈0.05）, and significantly up-regulated the decreased SVR/SVRI in hypoxia （P〈0.05）; EA at other meridian acupoints or at non-meridian and non-acupoint points didn＇t produce such effects. Conclusion： EA at the Pericardium Meridian can obviously improve the cardiac hyper-activation caused by acute hypoxia in healthy volunteers.

Causal interactions between the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system

Mental states such as stress and anxiety can cause heart disease.On the other hand,meditation can improve cardiac performance.In this study,the heart rate variability,directed transfer function and corrected conditional entropy were used to investigate the effects of mental tasks on cardiac performance,and the functional coupling between the cerebral cortex and the heart.When subjects tried to decrease their heart rate by volition,the sympathetic nervous system was inhibited and the heart rate decreased.When subjects tried to increase their heart rate by volition,the parasympathetic nervous system was inhibited and the sympathetic nervous system was stimulated,and the heart rate increased.When autonomic nervous system activity was regulated by mental tasks,the information flow from the post-central areas to the pre-central areas of the cerebral cortex increased,and there was greater coupling between the brain and the heart.Use of directed transfer function and corrected conditional entropy techniques enabled analysis of electroencephalographic recordings,and of the information flow causing functional coupling between the brain and the heart.

Blade optimization design and performance investigations of an ultra-low specific speed centrifugal blower

The ultra-low specific speed centrifugal blower is widely used in energy industries due to its features such as low flow rate,high pressure and low manufacturing cost. However,the width-to-diameter ratio of the above blower becomes relatively small to satisfy the needed operation condition and its performances are considerably degraded as a result of relatively high leakage,disc friction and passage friction loss consequently. The purpose of this paper is to improve its performance through the optimization design of the blade’s profile properly. Based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and hierarchical fair competition genetic algorithms with dynamic niche (HFCDN-GAs),the optimization design approach is established. By conjoining Bezier parameterization and FINE/TURBO solver,the optimized blade is designed by adjusting the profile gradually. An industrial ultra-low specific speed centrifugal blower with parallel hub and shroud has been selected as a reference case for optimization design. The performance investigations of the centrifugal blowers with different types of blades are conducted. The conclusions of the performance improvement of the optimized blade provide positive evidences in the application of the optimization design of the above blower blade.