Background： HRP2-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests （RDTs） for malaria ensure a rational use of artemisinin-based combination therapy （ACT）. The HRP2 antigen can go through the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF）. Purpose： To...Background： HRP2-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests （RDTs） for malaria ensure a rational use of artemisinin-based combination therapy （ACT）. The HRP2 antigen can go through the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF）. Purpose： To assess the HRP2-based RDT in malaria and detect the HRP2 in CSF. Methods： From November 2006 to May 2007, all patients under 15 years showing clinical symptoms of malaria were included. RDT was performed on the CSF and peripheral blood. Results： Out of the 951 patients included, 131 （13.7%） were confirmed through RDT and 130 （13.6%） through thick blood smear. Sensitivity and specificity stood at 96.96% and 99.71% respectively, for uncomplicated cases and at 100% and 99.13% for severe cases. Tests to detect HRP2 in the CSF of 52 cases were negative. Conclusion： Tests to detect HRP2 in the CSF could make it possible to diagnose severe malaria cases when peripheral parasitemia would be below the detection threshold.展开更多
Numerous edge-chasing deadlock detection algonthms were developed lor the cycle detection in distributed systems, but their detections had the n steps speed limitation and n （ n- 1） overhead limitation to detect a c...Numerous edge-chasing deadlock detection algonthms were developed lor the cycle detection in distributed systems, but their detections had the n steps speed limitation and n （ n- 1） overhead limitation to detect a cycle of size n under the one-resource request model. Since fast deadlock detection is critical, this paper proposed a new algorithm to speed up the detection process. In our algorithm, when the running of a transaction node is blocked, the being requested resource nodes reply it with the waiting or being waited message simultaneously, so the blocked node knows both its predecessors and successors, which helps it detecting a cycle of size 2 directly and locally. For the cycle of size n （ n 〉 2）, a special probe is produced which has the predecessors information of its originator, so the being detected nodes know their indirect predecessors and direct successors, and can detect the cycle within n - 2 steps. The proposed algorithm is formally proved to be correct by the invariant verification method. Performance evaluation shows that the message overhead of our detection is （ n^2 - n - 2）/2, hence both the detection speed and message cost of the proposed algorithm are better than that of the existing al gorithms.展开更多
For the German speaking countries, Tscherne＇s definition of ＂polytrauma＂ which represents an injury of at least two body regions with one or a combination being life-threatening is still valid. The timely and adequ...For the German speaking countries, Tscherne＇s definition of ＂polytrauma＂ which represents an injury of at least two body regions with one or a combination being life-threatening is still valid. The timely and adequate management including quick referral of the trauma patient into a designated trauma center may limit secondary injury and may thus improve outcomes already during the prehospital phase of care. The professional treatment of multiple injured trauma patients begins at the scene in the context of a well structured prehospital emergency medical system. The ＂Primary Survey＂ is performed by the emergency physician at the scene according to the Prehospital Trauma Life Support （PHTLS）-concept. The overall aim is to rapidly assess and treat life-threatening conditions even in the absence of patient history and diagnosis （＂treat-first-what-kills-first＂）. If no immediate treatment is necessary, a ＂Secondary Sur- vey＂ follows with careful and structured body examination and detailed assessment of the trauma mechanism. Massive and life-threatening states of hemorrhage should be addressed immediately even disregarding the ABCDE-scheme. Critical trauma patients should be referred without any delay （＂work and go＂） to TR-DGU certified trauma centers of the local trauma networks. Due to the difficult prehospital environment the number of quality studies in the field is low and, as consequence, the level of evidence for most recommendations is also low. Much information has been obtained from different care systems and the interchangeability of results is limited. The present article provides a synopsis of recommendations for early prehospital care for the severely injured based upon the 2011 updated multidisciplinary S3-Guideline ＂Polytrauma/Schwerstverletzten Behandlung＂, the most recently updated European Trauma guideline and the current PHTLS-algorithms including grades of recommendation whenever possible.展开更多
文摘Background： HRP2-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests （RDTs） for malaria ensure a rational use of artemisinin-based combination therapy （ACT）. The HRP2 antigen can go through the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF）. Purpose： To assess the HRP2-based RDT in malaria and detect the HRP2 in CSF. Methods： From November 2006 to May 2007, all patients under 15 years showing clinical symptoms of malaria were included. RDT was performed on the CSF and peripheral blood. Results： Out of the 951 patients included, 131 （13.7%） were confirmed through RDT and 130 （13.6%） through thick blood smear. Sensitivity and specificity stood at 96.96% and 99.71% respectively, for uncomplicated cases and at 100% and 99.13% for severe cases. Tests to detect HRP2 in the CSF of 52 cases were negative. Conclusion： Tests to detect HRP2 in the CSF could make it possible to diagnose severe malaria cases when peripheral parasitemia would be below the detection threshold.
文摘Numerous edge-chasing deadlock detection algonthms were developed lor the cycle detection in distributed systems, but their detections had the n steps speed limitation and n （ n- 1） overhead limitation to detect a cycle of size n under the one-resource request model. Since fast deadlock detection is critical, this paper proposed a new algorithm to speed up the detection process. In our algorithm, when the running of a transaction node is blocked, the being requested resource nodes reply it with the waiting or being waited message simultaneously, so the blocked node knows both its predecessors and successors, which helps it detecting a cycle of size 2 directly and locally. For the cycle of size n （ n 〉 2）, a special probe is produced which has the predecessors information of its originator, so the being detected nodes know their indirect predecessors and direct successors, and can detect the cycle within n - 2 steps. The proposed algorithm is formally proved to be correct by the invariant verification method. Performance evaluation shows that the message overhead of our detection is （ n^2 - n - 2）/2, hence both the detection speed and message cost of the proposed algorithm are better than that of the existing al gorithms.
文摘For the German speaking countries, Tscherne＇s definition of ＂polytrauma＂ which represents an injury of at least two body regions with one or a combination being life-threatening is still valid. The timely and adequate management including quick referral of the trauma patient into a designated trauma center may limit secondary injury and may thus improve outcomes already during the prehospital phase of care. The professional treatment of multiple injured trauma patients begins at the scene in the context of a well structured prehospital emergency medical system. The ＂Primary Survey＂ is performed by the emergency physician at the scene according to the Prehospital Trauma Life Support （PHTLS）-concept. The overall aim is to rapidly assess and treat life-threatening conditions even in the absence of patient history and diagnosis （＂treat-first-what-kills-first＂）. If no immediate treatment is necessary, a ＂Secondary Sur- vey＂ follows with careful and structured body examination and detailed assessment of the trauma mechanism. Massive and life-threatening states of hemorrhage should be addressed immediately even disregarding the ABCDE-scheme. Critical trauma patients should be referred without any delay （＂work and go＂） to TR-DGU certified trauma centers of the local trauma networks. Due to the difficult prehospital environment the number of quality studies in the field is low and, as consequence, the level of evidence for most recommendations is also low. Much information has been obtained from different care systems and the interchangeability of results is limited. The present article provides a synopsis of recommendations for early prehospital care for the severely injured based upon the 2011 updated multidisciplinary S3-Guideline ＂Polytrauma/Schwerstverletzten Behandlung＂, the most recently updated European Trauma guideline and the current PHTLS-algorithms including grades of recommendation whenever possible.
