燃烧诱导快速相变研究综述

随着燃烧及爆炸相关内容的深入发展,一种新的爆炸模式进入了人们视野,即燃烧诱导快速相变(combustion-induced Rapid Phase Transition,cRPT)。对于cRPT的研究旨在发掘出除爆燃、爆轰之外的第三种爆炸模式,将为能量的获取提供更多有效途径。在总结cRPT的发展历程的基础上,综合详尽地叙述了cRPT的演化过程、突出特点、影响因素及应用价值,旨在为燃烧诱导快速相变现象更广泛的研究与应用提供参考。

富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响

为了研究富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响,基于自主设计搭建的CH4燃烧诱导快速相变试验台,通过改变富氧系数和泄爆面积对CH4燃烧的压力振荡特性进行研究,分析了不同富氧系数E(0.21,0.3,0.4,0.6)及泄爆面积比(0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)下CH4燃烧的压力峰值、到达压力峰值的时间及特征时间等参数的变化趋势。结果表明,随富氧系数增大,爆炸压力峰值逐渐增大。富氧系数E=0.21时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力,无压力振荡;当E=0.3时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力且伴随压力振荡。当E为0.4、0.6时,压力峰值高于相应绝热压力且伴随压力振荡;在泄爆条件下,随富氧系数增加,到达压力峰值的时间逐渐减小。通过分析不锈钢管道中的燃烧诱导快速相变现象,发现泄爆可以有效降低爆炸压力峰值,且随泄爆面积比增大,到达压力峰值的时间提前。

低温液体在水中快速相变过程流动与传热数值模拟

用试验和理论分析的方法对快速相变爆炸强度的预测缺乏定量模型,因此建立了一种欧拉-欧拉双流体多相流模型与传热模型相互耦合的数值模型,并通过与Clarke H将液氮喷射入水的快速相变试验数据对比来验证模型的可靠性和正确性。通过数值计算得出快速相变过程中流场、压力场、温度场随时间变化的情况,探讨了快速相变的传热机理。结果表明:快速相变是强制对流、膜态沸腾、爆发沸腾和核态沸腾之间的转换过程;相间换热系数随时间的无量纲变化关系可以用3个高斯分布的叠加来描述。

LNG水下泄漏引起快速相变的数值模拟与结果分析

为了定量预测快速相变的爆炸强度,建立了一种欧拉-欧拉双流体多相流模型与传热模型相互耦合的数值模型,通过对比Clarke H的快速相变实验数据验证了模型的可靠性和正确性。通过数值计算,得出快速相变在水上水下的动态过程、局部超压情况以及甲烷质量分数在水平方向及竖直方向的分布。结果表明,快速相变本质上是LNG与水之间强制对流、膜态沸腾、爆发沸腾和核态沸腾的快速转换过程;快速相变持续时间极短约1秒;在典型的LNG泄漏情形下,局部超压最大可达97kPa,可造成砖墙倒塌,严重损伤人的内脏甚至引起死亡;快速相变不仅有超压危害,在下游或下风向区域还可能进一步引起火灾和窒息等潜在危害。研究结果可为LNG水上运输安全防护提供理论依据。

快速相变——在LNG储运中应注意的问题

文章介绍了LNG的特性以及快速相变现象,根据我国天然气发展状况,提出了在LNG方面有待开展的工作,以促进我国LNG储运事业的发展。

液氮泡沫发生器内流动特性研究

低温液氮与泡沫混合液直接接触产生氮气泡沫是一种新型的掺混形式,利用液氮高汽化比的特点,搭建液氮泡沫可视化实验装置,进行氮气-水两相流及液氮泡沫流动特性的研究。结果表明,液氮相变产生大量氮气,其与泡沫液混合产生泡沫,温度有所回升,最终趋于泡沫混合液温度;管路沿程压降较小;液氮射流破碎及流动过程可分为6个区域:低温液氮区、向上循环翻滚区、滞留区、泡沫与泡沫混合液混合区、致密泡沫区、泡沫混合液区。流体向下游流动过程中持续发泡;为防止管路结冰,需合理控制泡沫混合液与液氮流量。

LNG加气站危险特性与防护措施探讨

分析了LNG低温、翻滚、快速相变、快速蒸发扩散等特性,探讨LNG对加气站设备和人员的危害,提出LNG加气站危险性的预防或减缓措施。

先进高重频激光处理对镀铬层结合特性的影响

采用特殊声光调制的高重频激光技术对钢基体强化处理 ,使基体表面形成按一定几何规律排列的微米量级的微坑 ,使得基体的表面形貌、微观组织、铬层与基体的结合等特征均发生了本质的变化。它有效地增加了基体的表面积 ,有利于电沉积初期铬原子沿基体原有晶格的外延生长 ;有效地改善了铬层与基体的结合效果 。

快速循环相变对GCr15SiMn钢组织和性能的影响

在Gleeble1500D热模拟试验机上对GCr15SiMn钢进行了不同道次的快速循环相变处理。结果表明,随循环次数的增加,试验钢组织趋于均匀,晶粒逐渐细化,冲击韧性和硬度得到不同程度的提高。相变硬化再结晶是晶粒细化的主要原因。采用适当的快速循环相变处理工艺可使GCr15SiMn钢的综合力学性能得到有效提升。

LNG船舶通航风险分析与防控

近年来,液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)海运量逐年增加,沿海港口LNG船舶运输航行逐渐趋于常态化。截至2020年底,全球LNG船舶总数达到642艘,海运总舱容量达到9520万立方米,其中10万立方米以上船型数量占船舶总数的90%以上。

Fast Digital Correlation Calculation Method in Extended Beacon Wavefront Detection

On the basis of Hartmann Shack sensor imaging analysis, a new method is presented with which the wavefront slope can be obtained when the object is incoherent and extended. This method, which is demonstrated by both theoretical interpreting and computer simulation, explains how to measure the wavefront slope difference between two sub apertures through the determination of image displacements on detector plane. It includes a fast and accurate digital algorithm for detecting wavefront disturbance, which is much suitable for realization in such electrical hardwares as digital signal processors.

某液化天然气公交车缓冲罐爆炸原因

某液化天然气公交车发生故障后,关闭其气瓶截止阀,供气系统出现管道冰冻、天然气泄漏现象。用常温自然水对管道进行除冰时供气系统中的缓冲罐发生爆炸。采用化学成分测试,显微组织、断口形貌观察以及应力校核等方法,对缓冲罐的爆炸原因进行了分析。结果表明:采用常温水除冰时液化天然气发生快速相变,导致系统内压力急剧升高并超过缓冲罐的爆炸压力,从而引发缓冲罐爆炸;建议在缓冲罐顶部加装二级安全阀,同时为安全阀设置排空管,通过排空管泄压来有效降低缓冲罐爆炸的风险。

液化天然气公交车载缓冲罐意外爆炸事故的原因分析

针对一起液化天然气(LNG)公交车维修中发生的车载缓冲罐爆炸事故进行调查,从罐体材质、断口特征、介质特性及人为因素等方面进行了技术分析。调查认为:疑似供气管路或换热器出现故障,导致低温LNG汽化不完全,气态管路及缓冲罐出现LNG积液,并形成严重冰冻。使用常温水进行常规除冰处理,导致LNG积液在封闭空间内发生快速相变反应,气体急剧膨胀造成局部压力突跃,超过罐体所能承受的极限压力,最终造成缓冲罐爆破失效。

Evolution of V-containing phases during preparation of Al-based Al−V master alloys

Al-based Al−V master alloys were prepared by both the stepwise heating melting experiment and stepwise melting cooling experiment with rapid solidification to investigate the transformation of V-containing phases which gave different effects on microstructures and properties of commercial Al alloys and Ti alloys,as both melting and solidification processes affect the evolution of V-containing phases largely.The results showed that the raw Al−50wt.%V alloy consisted of needle-like Al_(3)V phase and Al8V5 phase(matrix),while petal-like Al_(3)V,needle-like Al_(7)V and plate-like Al_(10)V phase were present in the Al−V master alloys.The metastable Al_(7)V phase was evolved from Al_(3)V phase and then evolved into Al_(10)V phase during melting process.The number of Al_(10)V phase increased with the decrease of temperature in the range of 800−1000℃.Petal-like Al_(3)V phases could be transformed from Al_(8)V_(5) phase,pre-precipitated from Al−V molten liquid during melting process and precipitated directly during rapid solidification,respectively.

Solid−solid phase transition of tungsten induced by high pressure:A molecular dynamics simulation

The phase transition of tungsten(W)under high pressures was investigated with molecular dynamics simulation.The structure was characterized in terms of the pair distribution function and the largest standard cluster analysis(LSCA).It is found that under 40−100 GPa at a cooling rate of 0.1 K/ps a pure W melt first crystallizes into the body-centred cubic(BCC)crystal,and then transfers into the hexagonal close-packed(HCP)crystal through a series of BCC−HCP coexisting states.The dynamic factors may induce intermediate stages during the liquid−solid transition and the criss-cross grain boundaries cause lots of indistinguishable intermediate states,making the first-order BCC−HCP transition appear to be continuous.Furthermore,LSCA is shown to be a parameter-free method that can effectively analyze both ordered and disordered structures.Therefore,LSCA can detect more details about the evolution of the structure in such structure transition processes with rich intermediate structures.

Microstructure evolution of Al-Cu-Mg alloy during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing

The microstructure evolution of spray formed and rapidly solidified Al-Cu-Mg alloy with fine grains during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing was investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results show that the precipitates of fine-grained Al-Cu-Mg alloy during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing mainly consist of S phase and a small amount of coarse Al6Mn phase. With the increase of deformation passes, the density of precipitates increases, the size of precipitates decreases significantly, and the deformation and transition bands disappear gradually. In addition, the grains are refined and tend to be uniform. Defects introduced by rapid cold punching contribute to the precipitation and recrystallization, and promote nucleation and growth of S phase and recrystallization. Deformation and transition bands in the coarse grains transform into deformation-induced grain boundary during the deformation and recrystallization, which refine grains, obtain uniform nanocrystalline structure and promote homogeneous distribution of S phase.

High-precision inductance measurement system based on double-excitation auto-balancing bridge

In order to achieve high precision measurement of inductance in a wide frequency range,a method of inductance measurement based on double-excitation auto-balancing bridge is proposed.In this method,the direct digital synthesizer(DDS)as signal generator is used as the bridge excitation source,and the bridge is automatically balanced by adjusting and measuring the voltage ratio.Using standard resistors,the system can achieve high precision measurement of four-terminal pair inductors in the frequency range of 100Hz-100kHz.Aiming at the low efficiency of bridge balancing,an iterative balancing algorithm based on the steepest descent method is proposed.In order to suppress the interference caused by the initial phase change and non-integer periodic sampling,the high-precision measurement of the complex impedance of inductance is realized based on the all-phase fast Fourier transform(apFFT).Finally,the corresponding measurement system is built and the inductance measurement experiment is carried out.The experimental results show that the relative error of the system for inductance measurement can be as low as 0.009%,and the optimal relative measurement uncertainty of the system can reach 9.89×10^(-4)compared with 5×10^(-5)of commercial impedance analyzer.

Properties of Phase Transition of Traffic Flow on Urban Expressway Systems with Ramps and Accessory Roads

In this paper, we develop a cellular automaton model to describe the phase transition of traffic flow on urban expressway systems with on-off-ramps and accessory roads. The lane changing rules are given in detailed, the numerical results show that the main road and the accessory road both produce phase transitions. These phase transitions will omen be influenced by the number of lanes, lane changing, the ramp flow, the input flow rate, and the geometry structure.

Off-Line Identification of Induction Motor Parameters

This study presented an off-line identification method of induction motor (IM) parameters. Before startup,the inverter drive performed automatically a modified DC test, a locked-rotor test, a no-load test and a step-voltage test to identify all the parameters of an induction motor. No manual operation and speed signals were required in the process. In order to obtain effective messages and improve the accuracy of identification, the discrete fast Fourier transform (DFFT) and the least-squares were used to process the signals of currents and voltages. A phase-voltage measuring method for motors was also proposed, which measured directly the actual conducting time of three upper switches in the inverter without need for a dead-time compensator. The validity, reliability and accuracy of the presented methods have been verified by the experiments on a VSI-fed IM drive system.

LNG事故案例及安全防范措施

介绍LNG分层翻滚和快速相变现象,分析国内外LNG事故典型案例,提出安全防范措施。