美国主流媒体定义“恐怖主义”的双重标准——以华尔街日报中文网微博涉华暴恐报道为例

本文梳理国际社会对“恐怖主义”的定义，以华尔街日报中文网微博涉华暴恐报道为文本，通过语义分析指出美国主流媒体在定义“恐怖主义”时存在双重标准。针对美国媒体的报道，中国媒体反击及时、批驳有力，在一定程度上对美国对华政策起到积极影响。但是，国际传播更需关注新媒体平台，中国媒体应做到“及时发声、有力发声、理性发声”，提升软实力。

揭开美军情报行动队的面纱

情报行动队最初规定的人员数量只有50人,预想的最终人数是250人,实际上它最后超过了300人。这个组织也有自已的盾形徽章,上面有一只老鹰抓住了一把双手使刚的苏格兰双刃剑,在双刃剑的正面刻着成语:“送给我!”这源自《圣经·伊赛亚》:“我还听到了上帝的声音,上帝在说:我将送给谁,谁会为了我们而去?那时我说:我在这里,送给我!”但是情报行动队最主要的座右铭是:“真理战胜一切枷锁!”

Trojan Terrorism:Revenge Colonists or Condition of Evolution？ （To the Problem ＂Your/Alien＂）

Thinking about the problem of terrorism, the author finds its origins in the myth of the Trojan War, treating it as a battle for space, which was the primary basis for the civilizational leap--the expansion of the Greek world to the east, which led to the flourishing of Greek culture, creating a precedent of justified colonialism, provided strategy and tactics-the causal apology of violence-all subsequent wars, colonial campaigns, which was no exception for the migratory flows of the XX century, as a result of which the word ＂terrorism＂ sounded with by force of the song of B. Brecht. The theme of ＂space＂-chucked away, lost, taken away, destroyed, compressed, anarchic, empty, boundless, virtual-remains vital in our time, when the limitless possibilities lead to the limitation of man himself, his emptiness, and ＂complete shortuess＂ （Platonov）, when the treaty as the basis of human existence is rejected, and when you become the Other yourself. The metaphysics of ＂violence＂ is buried in anthropology-in ignorance of one＇s limits by man, in denying the boundaries of ＂another＇s,＂ in unwillingness to ask a question mad find the answer, in laziness and, in fact, in the loss of oneself.

The Impact of the Collapse of the IS on the Environment of International Terrorism

Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.

Understanding the Interrelationship Between Global Terrorist Attacks and the Citizen＇s Wellbeing.＂ The Complexity of Terrorism

Terrorism is a global phenomenon that over the last 44 years more than 140,000 terrorist events have been carried out. In the period from 1970-2001, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Colombia, Peru, El Salvador, United Kingdom, and India. On the other hand, in the post-2001 context, the five countries with the largest number of terrorist attacks were Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Thailand. One method for measuring in an aggregate way, how many people have suffered under terrorist attacks at national level is to analyze the correlation between some national wellbeing indicators and the number of terrorist attacks. The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the correlation between the global terrorist attacks and the countries wellbeing indicators. Five indicators show a strong relationship with the number of terrorist attacks in the case of the four most attacked countries in the post-2001 context. The authors consider that their findings can support the design of new strategies for preventing terrorist activities taking into account certain socio-economic and political drivers. The authors conclude that as such drivers are socio-complex, so it is necessary to adopt the complex adaptive system （CAS） approach to provide a new way of thinking about terrorism.

Nuclear Safety Education for Non-nuclear Engineering Students

The new situations were analyzed for nuclear industry development and security. Besides nuclear wars and terrorism, reactor runaway and un-ruled radioactive source are the main nuclear accidents in peacetime. With the active development of the nuclear industry in China, the existing nuclear education system is becoming deficient or defective. Human factors play an important role in nuclear accident prevention and emergency response in the nuclear engineering system, non-nuclear professional staff are often the subject of personnel in most nuclear projects. In order to ensure the sustainable and efficient accord development of nuclear industry, general nuclear education is necessary for correlative non-nuclear professionals, such as technologies, management, safety, culture and ethic. The nuclear safety education should be included into the national education system.

A Static Solution of Yang-Mills Equation on Anti-de Sitter Space

Since product metric on AdS space has played a very important role in Lorentz version of AdS/CFT correspondence, the Yang Mills equation on AdS space with this metric is considered and a static solution is obtained in this paper, which helps to understand the AdS/CFT correspondence of Yang Mills fields.

Trade Isolation Effect of Terrorism Risks along the"Belt and Road"Route

Rising terrorism risks are a major obstacle for Belt and Road countries to integrate into the global trade network. Based on the cross-country panel data of the now 66 Belt and Road countries during 2000-2013, this paper carries out an empirical study on the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks with the following findings: Rising terrorism risks will indeed give rise to a significant "trade isolation effect" with greater negative impact on a country's export than on import. After taking into account the endogeneity of the variable of terrorism risks and heterogeneous casualties of terrorist attacks, this conclusion remains robust. In addition, the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks is also characterized by heterogeneous targets under attack, i.e. the degree of trade isolation effect is positively correlated with the randomness of targets under terrorist attacks.

Radical Islamism in Georgia

The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism and Jihadism, the possibilities of using Georgian territories by the foreign and local fighters and steps taken by Georgian State. Also popularization of the idea of creation world Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East and ISIL Caucasus Province, joining the terrorist organizations ISIL and A1-Nusra Front in Iraq and Syria by some of the Georgian Muslims. The author analyzes the factors of the popularization of radical Islamism ideas among the young generation, the problems of Georgian Muslim communities and gives the recommendations for state actors.

Jean Baudrillard＇s Encounter With Anthropology： Toward A Radical Understanding of Marxism and Terrorism

Jean Baudrillard （1929-2007）, a leading contemporary theorist from the 1970s to the present, was deeply influenced by anthropological thought. As an outcome of his prolonged encounter with anthropology he was able to devise a unique approach to the world. This approach enabled him to play a leading role in surpassing Marxist thought and in explaining contemporary terrorist attacks such as those of September 11, 2001 in the United States. Baudrillard, who is often correctly seen as making a contribution to contemporary anthropology, is also someone who is deeply indebted to anthropology. This aspect of Baudrillard is less well understood.

The Trump Administration＇s Anti-terrorism Policy

Since taking office, the Trump administration's anti-terrorism policy has become increasingly clear. Its anti-terrorism measures and its internal and external anti-terrorism policies have introduced new features that are distinct from those of the Obama administration. These include linking terrorism to Islam, violating traditional political correctness in order to enhance homeland security, sending large-scale troops to the Middle East, and delegating more authority to the US Defense Department and the Armed Forces. Trump's anti-terrorism policies have made obvious progress both at home and abroad. Along with the adjustment of its national security strategy, the status of the anti-terrorism policy in Trump's national security strategy and national defense strategy will decline.However, for the foreseeable future, anti-terrorism will remain an important issue for the Trump Administration, and in some circumstances,the investment for it may increase.

The Formation of Russia-US-EU-China Multipolarity Relations under the Scenario of Ukraine Crisis in the Changing World

This paper is to analyze the changing formation of international security and economic system in the context of geopolitical expansion under the scenario of the Ukraine crisis. The author attempts to destruct the different interactions among Russia, EU, US, and China, founding that through the West economic sanctions the US are obstructing Russia＇s Eurasian policy and EU-Russian trade structures in many areas, especially in the energy sector. The US rebalancing policy might finish under the scenario of improved Russia-China relations because the US might improve their relations with China as well to implement their containment against Russia, whose geopolitical expansion toward Arctic Ocean, and with its developing the Russian Siberia, the Russian Far East Region as part of its global strategic deployment. Russia＇s global deployment is carried out through the integrated mechanism, such as, SCO, BRICS, and Eurasian Economic Union which will start to function in the January of 2015. China seems to be the biggest winner in this geopolitical struggle, because the new scenario of international events, such as Ukraine crisis and extremism of IS movement in Syria and Iraq have changed the target of NATO in the short-term period. The direction of intemational security is changing from the Cold War to anti-extremism-terrorism combat. Therefore, the new direction for Russia-US-EU-China reformulating their security relations will have the long-term influence on regional integration. Its seems to be that the information war and propaganda will be undergoing in the process of this geopolitical expansion gambling that can be seen in the new waves of the West economic sanctions against Russia and new threats from the international terrorism. In this paper, the author does not focus on the informational propaganda but tries to analyze the different characteristics of ambition and interactionamong Russia, EU, US, and China in the scenario of Ukraine crisis in the changing world.

Homosexuality in the Context of the Evolution Theory

The purpose of the paper civilization is to provide a is to show violence as the integral property of any live being. One of the aims of controlled portion of violence to the community members. If the portions are too small then uncontrolled violence appears in different forms of criminality and self-destruction. In countries without virtual violence the terrorism and ＂suicide＂ bombers are born. For the male the aim of violence is a feeling of victory. In the nature only the winner has the right to reproduction. In a civilized society each male has the right to reproduction and the necessity to feel himself as a winner. Survival means right for reproduction. Civilization has turned the bite between men into a kiss between men （men winner） and women （men defeated）, the kick between men--into a caress between men （men winner） and women （men defeated） and, finally, the violence between men into love/eros between men （men winner） and women （men vanquished） and violence between men into homosexuality/eros between men winner and men vanquished. In the civilization, the male is winner and the female simulates the defeated male, homo or animals. We can define eros as a substitute of violence in civilization like the metamorphose of violence.

Salafism in Azerbaijan

The article is written with the support of Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation and is based on the materials obtained in Azerbaijan relating to the spread of Salafism in Azerbaijan, the interviews with A. Shirinov, an associate professor at the faculty of Theology at Baku State University, S. Hasanli, a rector of Baku Islamic University and G Suleymanov, a leader of Azerbaijan Salafi community, which were recorded during the scientific visit in Azerbaijan.

An Approach to the Development of Resilient City from the City Governance

The climate change brought disaster impact to a city. Cities are complex and interdependent systems, extremely vulnerable to threats from both natural hazards and terrorism. A city resilience is the capacity of a city to function, so that citizens survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter. The cities need to be built for greater resilience and developed strategies for coping with the future shocks and stresses associated with climate change. This study explores that, from the concepts of city governance, the balanced scorecard correlates with city development in the process of city resilience development and constructs city resilience indicators to evaluate and the balanced scorecard raise the management performance. During the process of building the balanced scorecard, each problem can be faced and solved. To run the balanced scorecard is a continuous job and to become a resilient city coping with good city governance must adjust the balanced scorecard to meet its goals and vision to achieve sustainable development of the city.

An Indigenous Yoruba Socio-political Model of Conflict Resolution

In indigenous and contemporary societies, different elements of social and political institutions have come up with various inner mechanisms that are unique to their societies that can adjudicate in conflict situations. In traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies, agba （elders） were usually relied upon as agents and institutions of conflict resolution in view of certain qualities possessed by this category of people. This paper focuses attention on the role of agba （elders） in conflict resolution at various levels of Yoruba life. We acknowledge that agba （elders） have performed these roles in traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies. The opinion expressed in this paper is that agba, as theoretical and practical conflict resolution mechanism, can be philosophically developed and used as an alternative model to the current means of resolving conflicts through wars and terrorism and other forms of violence by aggrieved individuals and groups in national and international arenas.

Information Technology in Domain of Electronic Intelligence and Cyberterrorism Combat

Terms of intelligence in 20th and 21th century mean the methods of automatic extraction, analysis, interpretation and use of information. Thus, the intelligence services in the future created an electronic database in which to their being classified intelligence products, users could choose between the latter themselves relevant information. The EU （European Union） that activities are carried out from at least in year 1996, terrorist attacks in year 200l is only accelerating. Proposals to increase surveillance and international cooperation in this field have been drawn up before September 11 2011. On the Web you can fmd a list of networks （Cryptome, 2011）, which could be connected, or are under the control of the security service--NSA （National Security Agency）. United States of America in year 1994 enacted a law for telephone communication--Digital Telephony Act, which would require manufacturers of telecommunications equipment, leaving some security holes for control. In addition, we monitor the Internet and large corporations. The example of the United States of America in this action reveals the organization for electronic freedoms against a telecom company that the NSA illegally gains access to data on information technology users and Internet telephony.

Social Causes of Arab Youth Radicalizing

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of macro social factors （states, religion, region, Arab spring, terrorism, unrest （Shoe index）, democracy, corruption （GPI）, Human development （HDI）, low self-control, life stress events （LSE）, youth unemployment, religiosity, feeling （fear and anger）, youth unemployment and total unemployment） on Arab youth＇s radicalization. A sample of 6,730 Arab youth age 15-24 years was selected from Kuwait, UAE, KSA, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt, Gaza and Palestine and Syrian refuges in Jordan. A questionnaire of 43 items to measure radicalization was developed based on the literature review. A construct validity of the scale was estimated by calculating the correlation between radicalization scale and Low self-control scale and found a positive significant relationship （0.680, a = 0.000）, a sign of validity of the scale. A Reliability of the scale is strong and was estimated by Cronbach＇s alpha and was 0.947. An average of 46.6% of the participants was categorized as radicals with standard deviation of 12. Macro social factors explained 64% of the variance on radicalization. It has a significant impact on radicalization （F = 807.6, a = 0.000）. Each single variable has a significant impact. The analysis revealed three groups of macro determinants of youth radicalization were identified： （1） Geographic factors： state, region, and Arab spring; （2） Social factors： religion, religiously, feelings, LSE and LSC; （3） Human security： unrest, terrorism, democracy, corruption, human development, youth unemployment and employment rate. To alleviate the consequences of radicalization, prevention policies should take in account youth concerns as partners and victims of radicalization. Policies need to focus on radicalization pull and push factors on micro-meso-macro level.

Reflecting on the Dilemma of the West

Almost a decade has elapsed since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, during which the West was trapped in a dilemma unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. The problems facing the West, particularly those of Europe and the US, are fundamental and institutional, including reduced economic superiority, political systems and development models seriously questioned, and increasing terrorist attacks bringing up security chaUenges, to mention just a few. Western obsession with multiple crises is another new factor of change with structural impacts on both the international structure and order over the past nearly thirty years following the disintegration of the Soviet Union and collective rise of emerging economies. The aftermath： the power and influence of the West is declining, with the grand trend of rising East and declining West persisting in the international structure; both Europe and the US have made major adjustments on their foreign strategies, while their value diplomacy offensive has been frustrated, and while trade protectionism is on the rise; and the major power relationship has seen a new round of adjustment. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the drastic changes in the West may help China stick to its own development path and promote global governance with more self-confidence so as to make more contributions to world peace, stability and development.

Policing the Perceived Threat： Securitization of the Muslim Population in France During 2004-2005

The subject of this research is the policing activities in France during 2004-2005 towards its Muslim population and related public discourses. It will compare the statistics of judiciary police and administrative police provided by the French authority in order to study the relation between surveillance activities and criminality of the given population. It will point out that the preventative measures taken by the administrative police specifically towards the Muslim population are disproportionately high in comparison to the actual occurences of terrorist actions committed by the group. Using the notion of securitization as an analytical tool, the paper will explain that the cohabitation with the Muslim population had been represented as an existential threat in France justifying severe measures disproportionate to the objective threat. It concludes that the acute vigilance surrounding the Muslims derives significantly from the raised ＂securityness＂ the French authority itself attributed to its Muslim population. The argument presented in this study adds an important perspective to the study of immigration. It shows how an escalation of securitization leads to heightened tension between the immigrants and the host society, actualizing the perceived threat by its own acts.