暴君隋炀帝评价的论辨——关于暴君之暴的政治分析

20世纪50年代以来关于隋炀帝的评价众说纷纭。国内外学界提出了为炀帝翻案摘掉暴君帽子的新观点。实际上,隋炀帝大兴工役要创不世功业,虽然不是昏君;但是好大喜功超越历史限度,虐用民力,不尊重子民最起码的生存权,以苛政、急政形成系统的大规模暴政,成为千古暴君。

扶苏、项燕作为大泽乡起义旗帜的历史启示

秦末起义打出了扶苏和项燕的旗帜,是因为项燕是抗击秦国武力征服的英雄,扶苏则是反对秦朝暴政的勇士,二人的行为在秦统一前后具有广泛的社会影响。这件事留给人们一些深刻的历史启示,即扶苏和项燕是作为正义的化身而被当作反秦起义旗帜的,说明秦灭六国的兼并战争及统一后的残暴统治具有一定的非正义性,并与进步性复杂地交织在一起;平民百姓、六国旧贵族等不同阶级和阶层为反秦暴政,曾在扶苏、项燕的旗帜下共同奋战,说明这些人具有相对一致的利益,是一种阶级斗争中的阶级合作;陈胜、吴广利用秦统一初期的较大影响尤其是分裂意识,打出扶苏、项燕的旗帜,是一种策略上的需要;秦的暴力政策在统一前后具有一贯性,人们将秦统一前的武力征服和统一后的急政暴虐作为一个整体来反对,因此扶苏和项燕的旗帜才可以有效地号召并联合多种反秦力量,推翻秦的统治。

Management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding:Current policies and future perspectives

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB) is a gastroenterological emergency with a mortality of 6%-13%.The vast majority of these bleeds are due to peptic ulcers.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Helicobacter pylori are the main risk factors for peptic ulcer disease.Endoscopy has become the mainstay for diagnosis and treatment of acute UGIB,and is recommended within 24 h of presentation.Proton pump inhibitor(PPI) administration before endoscopy can downstage the bleeding lesion and reduce the need for endoscopic therapy,but has no effect on rebleeding,mortality and need for surgery.Endoscopic therapy should be undertaken for ulcers with high-risk stigmata,to reduce the risk of rebleeding.This can be done with a variety of modalities.High-dose PPI administration after endoscopy can prevent rebleeding and reduce the need for further intervention and mortality,particularly in patients with high-risk stigmata.

The strength model of self-control revisited:Linking acute and chronic effects of exercise on executive functions

Since the 1960＇s, hundreds of articles have been published on the effects of exercise on cognition and more recently on executive functions. A large variety of effects have been observed： acute or long-lasting, facilitating or debilitating. Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain these effects with plausible mechanisms. However, as yet none of these models has succeeded in unifying all the observations in a single framework that subsumes all effects. The aim of the present review is to revisit the strength model of self-control initiated by Baumeister and his colleagues in the 1990＇s in order to extend its assumptions to exercise psychology. This model provides a heuristic framework that can explain and predict the effects of acute and chronic exercise on effortful tasks tapping self-regulation or executive functions. A reconsideration of exercise as a self-control task results from this perspective. A new avenue for future research is delineated besides more traditional approaches.

Political Implications of Emergency Management

This paper will review three broad types of political implications of emergency management, since historically emergency management was considered only a function of law enforcement and fire departments, with the support in the event of a major catastrophe from public health and civil defense organizations. The issue is not whether governments will be required to respond to emergencies but rather when and how frequently. The time to think about emergencies is before they happen. Despite some significant weakness in the overall approach, political implications offer many benefits and provide various options for CDCs （community development corporations） to get involved in disaster recovery and emergency management. Based upon a generally positive evaluation, the paper concludes that emergency management must become a central activity, whether at the federal, state, or local or as an intergovernmental activity. Hopefully for the future the government does not have to wait for a disaster to strike for one to put a policy into place, since they have had several to occur over decades. The government should be ready to take on any disaster if it occurs with the following policies and procedures that are in place.

Acute exercise is associated with specific executive functions in college students with ADHD:A preliminary study

Purpose： The relationship between acute exercise and executive functions in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） has not been clearly established. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the difference in cognitive performance between college students with and without ADHD and to explore the effects of acute exercise on multiple aspects of executive functions and on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）. Methods： College students （normal： n = 10; ADHD： n = 10） performed the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span Test prior to and after an acute exercise intervention. Blood samples were obtained prior to the pre-test cognitive test performance and then again after exercise and prior to the post-test cognitive test performance. Results： Students with ADHD exhibited impaired executive functions, particularly on inhibition. Additionally, while acute exercise improved all aspects of executive functions in those without ADHD, acute exercise only improved inhibitory performance for those with ADHD. Further, BDNF was not influenced by acute exercise regardless of the subjects＇ ADHD status. Conclusion： These results provide preliminary evidence for exercise as a potential adjunct treatment for benefitting inhibition in college students with ADHD.

Public Broadcasting in Brazil＂ Challenges to Overcome a Symbolic Liability

A survey of opinion conducted by the Observatory of Public Broadcasting in Latin America indicates that one of the biggest challenges for Brazilian public broadcasting lies in changing the perception that has been crystallized by the public in relation to such stations. Initial analysis of the data obtained so far shows that the respondents have a negative image in relation to public media. At times, the people manifest themselves in favor of the principles that should delimit the performance of radios and TVs, such as diversity, independence, and differentiation from commercial media, but, which are not fully followed. At other times, they criticize the quality of programming and the political-governmental character of these stations. In this critical scenario, the paper presents a discussion on the challenges facing the sector considering the complex historical, cultural, and economic policy circumstances, that have contributed to the maintenance of this ＂symbolic liability＂ between media and the audience/citizens, and which reflects on the possible strategies to face the problem.

Trauma care construction under the guidance of county-level trauma centers

Severe trauma has the characteristics of complicated condition, multiple organs involved, limitq auxiliary examinations, and difficulty in treatment. Most of the trauma patients were sent to prima hospitals to receive treatments. But the traditional mode of separate discipline management can easi lead to delayed treatment, missed or wrong diagnosis and high disability, which causes a high mc tality in severe trauma patients. Therefore, if the primary hospitals, especially county-level hospit~ （usually the top general hospital within the administrative region of a county）, can establish a sc entific and comprehensive trauma care system, the success rate of trauma rescue in this region can ] greatly improved. On March 1st, 2013, Tiantai People＇s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China set up trauma care center, which integrated the pre-hospital and in-hospital trauma treatment procedur~ and has achieved good economic and social benefits. Till March 1st, 2017, 1265 severe trauma patier （injury severity score 〉16） have been treated in this trauma center. The rescue success rate reach~ 95~ and the delayed and]or missed diagnosis rate was less than 5%. Totally 86 severe cases of peK fractures with unstable hemodynamics were treated, and the success rate was 92%. The in-hospil emergency rescue response time is less than 3 min, and the time from definite diagnosis to surge is within 35 min.

Emergency preparedness for mass gatherings： Lessons of ＂12.31＂ stampede in Shanghai Bund

According to WHO, one of these mass gatherings with critical risk is stampedes. Shanghai “12.31” stampede was a preventable tragedy that the government and event planner hold responsibility for. At the same time, it can be a legacy for improvement in the future. The government should draw experience on the implementation of an emergency preparedness system, in order to improve the rapid emergency response during mass gatherings in the future.