性别元素、叙事视角与话语逻辑——西方批评视野中的《金陵十三钗》

张艺谋导演的《金陵十三钗》(2011)是一部以南京大屠杀为背景的电影,西方主流媒体对该片大多持否定态度。抨击主要集中于大屠杀叙事中性别元素的征用和以女学生为叙事视角的使用。本文认为西方批评话语的深层逻辑不是基于彼时的历史事实,而是基于今日的"中国想象"。

Structure of Macro- and Trace Elements Status Observed in Residents of Magadan Town

The authors aimed the study at examining macro- and trace elements content in elderly people of the 1 period of middle age （21-35） residing in Magadan town to assess the content of 25 trace elements in hair samples on individual and population levels by atom-emission spectrometry with inductively-bonded argon plasma. It turned out that the majority of surveyed subjects were characterized by deformation of element status demonstrated by excess and deficit of the basic essential elements of different degrees of manifestation. Deficit of Co （68% of surveyed people）, Mg （67%）, Ca （64%）, Cu （47%）, K （46%）, Zn （44%）, I （41%）, Na （33%）, P （27%） and Se （24%） was typical for female subjects as well as excess of Si （28%）, Zn （22%） and P （20%）. Male residents were characterized by deficit of Co （81%）, Ca （66%）, Mg （65%）, I （50%）, Cu （37%）, K and Na （27%） and excess of Zn （41%）. In individual cases it was noted excess concentration of nominally essential and toxic elements in both examined groups. They were： A1, As, Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and B. While analyzing of medians of chemical concentration it was stated reliable sex-related differences （P 〈 0.05）： content of Ca, Mg and Mn was higher in hair samples of women, and content of As, B, Cd, Cr, K, Li, Na, P, Pb and V, on the contrary, was higher in male samples.

Mythoform and the Misovire Consciousness： A Gender Conceptual Renewal Strategy in Werewere Liking＇s It Shall Be of Jasper and Coral

This paper underscores the need for new plausible myths that redefine gender relations in an attempt to revalue female assertion, ethical values, and human development. This creative process presents a different perspective from the views of some feminist theorists who have seen myth as a regressive and oppressive structure. The focus, in this paper, is to illustrate how in her chant-novel It Shah Be of Jasper and Coral Liking appropriates the productive force of myths through the misovire consciousness and ritual structure for her gender politics and for promoting ethical values and the culture of human development. In this regard, she decodes existing negative myths and reconstructs new gender myths that redefine gender relations, celebrate what she calls women＇s ＂cosmic force＂ and through ritual cleansing, reinvents a new language of beauty and a new race of Jasper and Coral. Thus, guided by the tenets of deconstruetion and the gender relations frameworks, this paper defends the thesis that Liking＇s chant-novel through myth invention and revision combines and fuses traditional and modem aesthetics, thematic and structural elements that she uses to deconstruct social and gender relations. The contention is that in negotiating plausible gender relations for men and women in Africa, Liking＇s story and structure incorporate the cleansing, cathartic effect of Bassa ritual performance into the narrative.

Mitochondrial selfish elements and the evolution of biological novelties

We report the present knowledge about RPHM21, a novel male-specific mitochondrial protein with a putative role in the paternal inheritance of sperm mitochondria in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, a species with doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria （DUI）. We review all the available data on rphm21 transcription and translation, analyze in detail its female counterpart, RPHF22, discuss the homology with RPHM21, the putative function and origin, and analyze their polymorphism. The available evidence is compatible with a viral origin of RPHM21 and supports its activity during spermatogenesis. RPHM21 is progressively accumulated in mitochondria and nuclei of spermatogenic cells, and we hypothesize it can influence mitochondrial inheritance and sex- ual differentiation. We propose a testable model that describes how the acquisition of selfish fea- tures by a mitochondrial lineage might have been responsible for the emergence of DUI, and for the evolution of separate sexes （gonochorism） from hermaphroditism. The appearance of DUI most likely entailed the invasion of at least 1 selfish element, and the extant DUI systems can be seen as resolved conflicts. It was proposed that hermaphroditism was the ancestral condition of bivalves, and a correlation between DUI and gonochorism was documented. We hypothesize that DUI might have driven the shift from hermaphroditism to gonochorism, with androdioecy as transi- tion state. The invasion of sex-ratio distorters and the evolution of suppressors can prompt rapid changes among sex-determination mechanisms, and DUI might have been responsible for one of such changes in some bivalve species. If true, DUI would represent the first animal sex-determination system involving mtDNA-encoded proteins.

EXPLAINING THE CHANGES IN ALPS BY IDENTIFYING ALPS-IMPORTANT COEFFICIENTS:AN EMPIRICAL APPLICATION OF CHINA

This paper establishes the relation between APLs and direct input coefficients through Sherman-Morrison formulation.On such a basis,elasticity matrix can be calculated for each element of the APLs matrix,which measures the percentage change in the APLs-matrix element brought by one percentage change in every direct input coefficient.Hence,the percentage change in each APLs-matrix element caused by the real percentage change in each coefficient with other coefficients fixed can be drawn,from which it is easily to find out the APLs-important coefficients and is useful to explain the reason for change in the matrix.The empirical application studies the Chinese economy.What's more,the method is applied under different level of aggregation.The comparison between the APLs matrix of 1997 and 2002 allows the authors to visualize the elements that change dramatically.Then the methodology above is applied to explain the change from the perspective of direct input coefficients and find out the important coefficients to the Chinese APLs matrix.