粘虫不同迁飞世代雄蛾对性诱反应的田间观察

本试验对田间两个不同迁飞世代粘虫成虫的性诱反应作了观察,并且同其对糖醋液的趋性进行了比较。结果表明:迁入代雄蛾对性诱剂反应强烈,迁出代雄蛾对性诱剂基本上不反应。这种现象与迁入迁出世代中雌蛾在生殖滞育上存在显著差别相对应。因此,本文提出粘虫雄蛾存在类似于雌蛾的“生殖滞育”的可能性,并指出雄性“生殖滞育”对了解迁飞机理的意义。

Where are the limits of the effects of exercise intensity on cognitive control?

Purpose： This study aimed to investigate whether workload intensity modulates exercise-induced effect on reaction time （RT） performances, and more specifically to clarify whether cognitive control that plays a crucial role in rapid decision making is altered. Methods： Fourteen participants performed a Simon Task while cycling 20 min at a light （first ventilatory threshold, VT~ - 20%）, moderate （VTI）, or very hard （VTj ＋ 20%） level of exercise. Results： After 15 min of cycling, RTs are faster than during the first 5 min of exercise. This benefit does not fluctuate with the intensity of exercise and enlarges as RT lengthens. Despite a numerical difference suggesting a greater facilitation during moderate exercise （-16 ms） than during a light exercise （-10 ms）, the benefit is not statistically different. Interestingly, we did not observe any signs of worsening on RT or on accuracy during very hard exercise. Conclusion： Cognitive control is extremely robust and appears not to be affected by the intensity of exercise. The selective inhibition and the between-trials adjustments are effective from the beginning to the end of exercise, regardless of the workload output.

Lipopolysaccharide induced hyper- and hypo-responsiveness in macrophage cell lines

Objective: To build a cell model of LPS-induced hyper- and hypo-responsiveness in macrophage cells . Methods: Macrophage cell line RAW264. 7 was pre-cultured with or without 10 ng/ml LPS for 18 h, then challenged with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) , or MDP, Zymosan, PAF, FMLP, PMA for 24 h. The levels of TNF-α , IL-1 , IL-6, IL-10 , NO and O2-, were measured. Results: LI'S pretreatment markedly inhibited TNF-a NO and IL-6 production, but increased IL-1, IL-10 and O2- release to LPS challenge. LPS pretreatment also altered macrophage responsiveness to the other stimuli. Conclusion: LPS can induce hyper- and hypo-responsiveness simultaneously in the macrophage cell lines. Changes in macrophage responsiveness depend on stimuli and effectors which are measured.

Xenogeneic hepatic progenitor cell transplantation ameliorate CCl_4 /partial hepatectomy-induced rat acute liver failure

Objective： Hepatic progenitor cell transplantation has shed light on the treatment of liver failure. The present study was designed to evaluate whether xenogeneic liver epithelial progenitor cells （LEPCs） transplantation could promote liver recovery in a rat model of acute liver failure. The engraftment and hepatocytic differentiation of transplanted hepatic progenitor cells in the rat spleen was also investigated. Methods： LEPCs were propagated in vitro for long and transduced with lentiviral vector carrying mCherry gene. Intraperitoneal injection of CC14 followed by 2/3 partial hepatectomy three days later were used to establish rat models of acute liver failure. Rats were intrasplenically injected with mCherry modified LEPCs （n=20, 1× 107 cells/0.5 mL） or the same volume of medium （n=20）. Serum liver enzymes （ALT, AST） and liver histology were evaluated for 21 days after transplantation. The engraftment of transplanted LEPCs in the spleens was tested by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） amplification targeting mCherry gene. The differentiation into hepatocytic lineage of transplanted LEPCs was investigated usingimmunohistochemistry staining against Alb. Results： LEPCs were effectively transduced with lentiviral vector showing a transduction efficiency of 90%. Compared with control, cell-injected group displayed significantly lower levels of ALT and AST （P〈0.05） and better histological features including less swelling change and hepatocyte death. PCR amplification of mCherry sequences confirmed the engraftment of LEPCs in the spleens. Alb-positive cells first appeared 5 days after cell transplantation and the number of Alb-positive cells increased substantially （P〈0.05）, which revealed the hepatocytic differentiation process Conclusion： Xenogeneic hepatic progenitor cells can engraft and differentiate into hepatocytes in the splenic parenchyma. Intrasplenic delivery of hepatic progenitor cells ameliorates CCh/partial hepatectomy-induced liver injury in rats

Mechanical Stress Induces Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses of Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)

Grading procedure in routine sea cucumber hatchery production is thought to affect juvenile sea cucumber immunologi- cal response. The present study investigated the impact of a 3-min mechanical perturbation mimicking the grading procedure on neuroendocrine and immune parameters of the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus. During the application of stress, concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine in coelomic fluid increased significantly, indicating that the mechanical perturbation resulted in a transient state of stress in sea cucumbers. Coelomocytes concentration in coelomic fluid increased transiently after the beginning of stressing, and reached the maximum in 1 h. Whereas, coelomocytes phagocytosis at 3 min, superoxide anion production from 3 min to 0.5 h, acid phosphatase activity at 0.5 h, and phenoloxidase activity from 3 min to 0.5 h were all significantly down-regulated. All of the immune parameters recovered to baseline levels after the experiment was conducted for 8 h, and an immunostimulation occurred after the stress considering the phagocytosis and acid phosphatase activity. The results suggested that, as in other marine invertebrates, neuroendocrine/immnne connections exist in sea cucumber A. japonicus. Mechanical stress can elicit a profound influence on sea cucumber neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrine messengers act in turn to modulate the immunity fimctions. Therefore, these ef- fects should be considered for developing better husbandry procedures.

Noradrenaline as a putative neurotransmitter mediating hypotension-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity inthe supraoptic nucleus of the rat

Hemorrhage or hypotension induces extensive Foslike immunoreactivity in the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat, especially in the vasopressin neurons. The present study was to explore the neurotransmitter mediating this effect. Microinfusion of the alpha-adrenergic blocker into the supraoptic nucleus reduced the hypotension-induced Fos, whereas beta-antagonist did not affect it significantly. Alpha1- and alpha2-antagonist, prazosin and yohimbine,both reduced the Fos-positive cell counts. However, the effective dosage of yohimbine was much larger. Alpha1-agonist, methoxamine, induced abundant Fos-like immnnoreactivity in the vasopressin cells in this nucleus,while beta-and alpha2-agonist did not elicit such effect.Administration of the noradrenergic re-uptake inhibitor,desipramine, to this nucleus to locally accumulate the spontaneously released noradrenaline from the nerve terminals also induced Fos expression, mostly in the vasopressin cells.

The effects of cues from kingsnakes on the reproductive effort of house mice

It is not clear if rodents express inducible defenses in response to reptilian predators such as snakes. We tested the hypothesis that adult house mice Mus musculus decrease aspects of their reproductive effort upon 1 hour of exposure every 48 hours for a 25-day period to the fecal material and shed skins of a euryphagous ophidian predator, the kingsnake Lampropeltis getula, that had been fed mice. We found no significant differences in the total number of offspring born, the number of pups per litter, and the mean weight of pups in litters born to male and female mice that were exposed to predator cues and those mice that were not exposed to such cues. The lack of an inducible response may be associated with the low cost of an effective defense, or the lack of an effective defense against a generalist snake predator [Current Zoology 59 （1）： 135-141, 2013].

Convenient synthesis of tropos phosphine-oxazoline ligands

Tropos phosphine-oxazoline ligands have shown interesting coordination behavior and excellent chiral inducing ability in asymmetry catalysis.Here we present a convenient and economic route for the synthesis of this type of ligands.According to this new route,the ligands with different electronic and steric properties have been prepared successfully.

Helix-sense-selective radical polymerization of bulky styrenic monomers: chiral induction and liquid crystallinity

Eight chiral vinylterphenyl monomers, （＋）-2,5-bis{4＇-[（S）-1＂-methylpropyloxy]phenyl}styrene （Ia）, （＋）-2,5-bis{4＇-[（S）-2＂- methylbutyloxy]phenyl}styrene （Ib）, （＋）-2,5-bis{4＇-[（S）-3＂-methylpentyloxy]phenyl}styrene （Ic）, （＋）-2,5-bis{4＇-[（S）-4＂- methylhexyloxy]phenyl}styrene （Id）, （-）-2,5-bis{4＇-[（R）-1＂-methylpropyloxy]phenyl}styrene （le）, （＋）-2-/4＇-[（S）-l＂-methyl- propyloxy]phenyl}-5-{4＇-[（R）-1＂-methylpropyloxy]phenyl}styrene （Ⅱa）, （-）-2-{4＇-[（R）-1＂-methylpropyloxy]phenyl}-5-{4＇- [（S）- 1 ＂-methylpropyloxy]phenyl } styrene （lib）, and （＋）-2- { 4＇-[（S）-2＂-methylbutyloxy]phenyl }-5- { 4＇-[（S）- 1＂-methylpropyl- oxy]phenyl}styrene （Ⅲ）, were synthesized and radically polymerized. These molecules were designed to further understand long-range chirality transfer in radical polymerization and to possibly tune the chiroptical properties of the polymers by varying the spatial configuration, position, and various combination of the stereogenic centers at the ends ofp-terphenyl pendants. The resultant polymers adopted helical conformations with a predominant screw sense. When the stereogenic centers ran away from the terphenyl group as in Ⅰb-d, the corresponding polymers changed the direction of optical rotation in an alternative way and showed no obvious stereomutation upon annealing in tetrahydrofuran. The two stereogenic centers of Ⅱa, Ⅱb, and Ⅲ acted concertedly in chiral induction, whereas those of la and Ie played a counteractive role. The five polymers derived from Ⅰa, Ⅰe, Ⅱa, Ⅱb, and Ⅲ underwent stereomutation when annealed in tetrahydrofuran. The polymers PIa-e had good thermal stability and high glass transition temperatures （Tgs）. They generated liquid crystalline phases at above Tgs that could be kept upon cooling, with the exception of Pie. This result was consistent with the extended helical structures.