Aiming at the development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） powertrain, parameter matching and optimization are presented, According to the performance of PHEV, the optimization range of engine, motor, driv...Aiming at the development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） powertrain, parameter matching and optimization are presented, According to the performance of PHEV, the optimization range of engine, motor, driveline gear ratio and battery parameters are determined. And then a two-level optimization problem is formulated based on analytical target cascading （ATC）. At the system level, the optimization of the whole vehicle fuel economy is carried out, while the tractive performance is defined as the constraints. The optimized parameters are cascaded to the subsystem as the optimization targets. At the subsystem level, the final drive and transmission design are optimized to make the ratios as close to the targets as possible. The optimization result shows that the fuel economy had improved significantly, while the tractive performance maintains the former level.展开更多
Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting wi...Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.展开更多
研究了15 Me V/u197Au+197Au体系三裂变反应过程中体系的集体运动动能、核-核相互作用势、集体运动总动能以及核子激发能的演化过程,并讨论了该反应过程的能量耗散问题。通过与两裂变时体系总动能εtot和Θc.m.关联图作对比,初步得出三...研究了15 Me V/u197Au+197Au体系三裂变反应过程中体系的集体运动动能、核-核相互作用势、集体运动总动能以及核子激发能的演化过程,并讨论了该反应过程的能量耗散问题。通过与两裂变时体系总动能εtot和Θc.m.关联图作对比,初步得出三裂变反应体系的第一次裂变是极端深度非弹性散射过程;进一步分析了三裂变与两裂变反应体系总动能与碰撞参数的关系,发现小碰撞参数下两裂变比三裂变反应耗散的能量多大约150 Me V,大碰撞参数下三裂变比两裂变反应多消耗300 Me V。展开更多
Influences of tip clearance on the tip flow and associated loss mechanism in a contra-rotating axial flow fan hasbeen studied in the paper, based on three dimensional numerical results. The results with different tip ...Influences of tip clearance on the tip flow and associated loss mechanism in a contra-rotating axial flow fan hasbeen studied in the paper, based on three dimensional numerical results. The results with different tip clearanceare compared in terms of stage efficiency, relative total pressure loss coefficient, flow angle. It is found that theefficiency of the contra-rotating fan changes almost linearly with increment of the tip clearance, however, efficiencyof the rear rotor is observed to decrease more dramatically than that of the forward rotor given same tipclearance variation. The analysis on the flow structure indicates that the tip region flow field is qualitatively similarin both rotors. However, with the same clearance value, the leakage flow in the rear rotor is effected by a tipleakage vortex of greater intensity caused by relative loading levels and the inter rotor interaction.展开更多
In order to uncover a possible influence on the Earth's climate, we need a much longer time series, i.e., the total solar irradiance (TSI) which is also an interesting issue in its own right in solar physics. By c...In order to uncover a possible influence on the Earth's climate, we need a much longer time series, i.e., the total solar irradiance (TSI) which is also an interesting issue in its own right in solar physics. By comparing different solar indices associated with TSI during the period 1979 to 2009, several empirical models in the TSI are presented. We verify that the reconstruction model based on the three variables: sunspot number, sunspot area, and solar 10.7 cm radio flux, is the best one. As demonstrated by model calculations, the history of TSI was reconstructed back to 1947 based on 3-indices and to 1874 based on 2-indices, respectively. The reason that the reduced irradiance on the trough during 2006 to 2009 lasts long may be due to the about 85-year cycle of solar activity, which modulates the intensity of the 11-year cycle (Schwabe cycles), possesses a considerable potential to produce an effective reducing, and holds on a steadily lower level of irradiance.展开更多
For a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,higher working efficiency can be achieved by the drive system with two small motors in parallel than that with one big motor alone.However,the overly complex structure will...For a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,higher working efficiency can be achieved by the drive system with two small motors in parallel than that with one big motor alone.However,the overly complex structure will inevitably lead to a substantial increase in the development cost.To improve the system price-performance ratio,a new kind of series-parallel hybrid system evolved from the series plug-in hybrid system is designed.According to the technical parameters of the selected components,the system model is established,and the vehicle dynamic property and pure electric drive economy are evaluated.Based on the dynamic programming,the energy management strategy for the drive system under the city driving cycle is developed,and the superiority validation of the system is completed.For the studied vehicle driven by the designed series-parallel plug-in hybrid system,compared with the one driven by the described series plug-in hybrid system,the dynamic property is significantly improved because of the multi-power coupling,and the fuel consumption is reduced by 11.4%with 10 city driving cycles.In a word,with the flexible configuration of the designed hybrid system and the optimized control strategy of the energy management,the vehicle performance can be obviously improved.展开更多
文摘Aiming at the development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） powertrain, parameter matching and optimization are presented, According to the performance of PHEV, the optimization range of engine, motor, driveline gear ratio and battery parameters are determined. And then a two-level optimization problem is formulated based on analytical target cascading （ATC）. At the system level, the optimization of the whole vehicle fuel economy is carried out, while the tractive performance is defined as the constraints. The optimized parameters are cascaded to the subsystem as the optimization targets. At the subsystem level, the final drive and transmission design are optimized to make the ratios as close to the targets as possible. The optimization result shows that the fuel economy had improved significantly, while the tractive performance maintains the former level.
文摘Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.
文摘研究了15 Me V/u197Au+197Au体系三裂变反应过程中体系的集体运动动能、核-核相互作用势、集体运动总动能以及核子激发能的演化过程,并讨论了该反应过程的能量耗散问题。通过与两裂变时体系总动能εtot和Θc.m.关联图作对比,初步得出三裂变反应体系的第一次裂变是极端深度非弹性散射过程;进一步分析了三裂变与两裂变反应体系总动能与碰撞参数的关系,发现小碰撞参数下两裂变比三裂变反应耗散的能量多大约150 Me V,大碰撞参数下三裂变比两裂变反应多消耗300 Me V。
文摘Influences of tip clearance on the tip flow and associated loss mechanism in a contra-rotating axial flow fan hasbeen studied in the paper, based on three dimensional numerical results. The results with different tip clearanceare compared in terms of stage efficiency, relative total pressure loss coefficient, flow angle. It is found that theefficiency of the contra-rotating fan changes almost linearly with increment of the tip clearance, however, efficiencyof the rear rotor is observed to decrease more dramatically than that of the forward rotor given same tipclearance variation. The analysis on the flow structure indicates that the tip region flow field is qualitatively similarin both rotors. However, with the same clearance value, the leakage flow in the rear rotor is effected by a tipleakage vortex of greater intensity caused by relative loading levels and the inter rotor interaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10978007)the Excellent Scientists Training Program of Beijing
文摘In order to uncover a possible influence on the Earth's climate, we need a much longer time series, i.e., the total solar irradiance (TSI) which is also an interesting issue in its own right in solar physics. By comparing different solar indices associated with TSI during the period 1979 to 2009, several empirical models in the TSI are presented. We verify that the reconstruction model based on the three variables: sunspot number, sunspot area, and solar 10.7 cm radio flux, is the best one. As demonstrated by model calculations, the history of TSI was reconstructed back to 1947 based on 3-indices and to 1874 based on 2-indices, respectively. The reason that the reduced irradiance on the trough during 2006 to 2009 lasts long may be due to the about 85-year cycle of solar activity, which modulates the intensity of the 11-year cycle (Schwabe cycles), possesses a considerable potential to produce an effective reducing, and holds on a steadily lower level of irradiance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51405259)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(Grant Nos.2014T70072&2013M530608)Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province Science and Technology Research Project(Grant No.QN2015056)
文摘For a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,higher working efficiency can be achieved by the drive system with two small motors in parallel than that with one big motor alone.However,the overly complex structure will inevitably lead to a substantial increase in the development cost.To improve the system price-performance ratio,a new kind of series-parallel hybrid system evolved from the series plug-in hybrid system is designed.According to the technical parameters of the selected components,the system model is established,and the vehicle dynamic property and pure electric drive economy are evaluated.Based on the dynamic programming,the energy management strategy for the drive system under the city driving cycle is developed,and the superiority validation of the system is completed.For the studied vehicle driven by the designed series-parallel plug-in hybrid system,compared with the one driven by the described series plug-in hybrid system,the dynamic property is significantly improved because of the multi-power coupling,and the fuel consumption is reduced by 11.4%with 10 city driving cycles.In a word,with the flexible configuration of the designed hybrid system and the optimized control strategy of the energy management,the vehicle performance can be obviously improved.
