Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting wi...Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.展开更多
This work aimed the incorporation of the enzyme bromelain from pineapple peel into dermatological bases for potential therapeutic application. The enzyme was incorporated into Lanette cream and lotion, as well as Carb...This work aimed the incorporation of the enzyme bromelain from pineapple peel into dermatological bases for potential therapeutic application. The enzyme was incorporated into Lanette cream and lotion, as well as Carbopol gel and Chemyunion cream and lotion, at a concentration of 0.5% （w/w）. These bases were subjected to centrifugation test and accelerated stability test during 90 days at 25 ℃（with and without sunlight）, 37 ℃ and 4 ℃, in order to evaluate bromelain stability in dermatological bases. Total protein content and enzymatic activity were measured. The bases were stable as its organoleptic characteristics （appearance, color, smell and sensitivity to touch） only when kept at 4 ℃ with activity remaining 95.5%, 84,9%. 77.7%, 73.8% and 72.3%, alter 90 days of testing in Carbopol gel, Lanette and Chemyunion cream, and Lanette and Chemyunion lotion, respectively. Based on the results, it was possible to incorporate bromelain into dermatological bases, and the activity was well preserved when these bases were kept in refrigerator at 4 ℃.展开更多
Principle component analysis （PCA） based chi-square test is more sensitive to subtle gross errors and has greater power to correctly detect gross errors than classical chi-square test. However, classical principal c...Principle component analysis （PCA） based chi-square test is more sensitive to subtle gross errors and has greater power to correctly detect gross errors than classical chi-square test. However, classical principal com- ponent test （PCT） is non-robust and can be very sensitive to one or more outliers. In this paper, a Huber function liked robust weight factor was added in the collective chi-square test to eliminate the influence of gross errors on the PCT. Meanwhile, robust chi-square test was applied to modified simultaneous estimation of gross error （MSEGE） strategy to detect and identify multiple gross errors. Simulation results show that the proposed robust test can reduce the possibility of type Ⅱ errors effectively. Adding robust chi-square test into MSEGE does not obviously improve the power of multiple gross error identification, the proposed approach considers the influence of outliers on hypothesis statistic test and is more reasonable.展开更多
文摘Technological trends in the automotive industry toward a software-defined and autonomous vehicle require a reassessment of today’s vehicle development process.The validation process soaringly shapes after starting with hardware-in-the-loop testing of control units and reproducing real-world maneuvers and physical interaction chains.Here,the road-to-rig approach offers a vast potential to reduce validation time and costs significantly.The present research study investigates the maneuver reproduction of drivability phenomena at a powertrain test bed.Although drivability phenomena occur in the frequency range of most up to 30∙Hz,the design and characteristics substantially impact the test setup’s validity.By utilization of modal analysis,the influence of the test bed on the mechanical characteristic is shown.Furthermore,the sensitivity of the natural modes of each component,from either specimen or test bed site,is determined.In contrast,the uncertainty of the deployed measurement equipment also affects the validity.Instead of an accuracy class indication,we apply the ISO/IEC Guide 98 to the measurement equipment and the test bed setup to increase the fidelity of the validation task.In conclusion,the present paper contributes to a traceable validity determination of the road-to-rig approach by providing objective metrics and methods.
文摘This work aimed the incorporation of the enzyme bromelain from pineapple peel into dermatological bases for potential therapeutic application. The enzyme was incorporated into Lanette cream and lotion, as well as Carbopol gel and Chemyunion cream and lotion, at a concentration of 0.5% （w/w）. These bases were subjected to centrifugation test and accelerated stability test during 90 days at 25 ℃（with and without sunlight）, 37 ℃ and 4 ℃, in order to evaluate bromelain stability in dermatological bases. Total protein content and enzymatic activity were measured. The bases were stable as its organoleptic characteristics （appearance, color, smell and sensitivity to touch） only when kept at 4 ℃ with activity remaining 95.5%, 84,9%. 77.7%, 73.8% and 72.3%, alter 90 days of testing in Carbopol gel, Lanette and Chemyunion cream, and Lanette and Chemyunion lotion, respectively. Based on the results, it was possible to incorporate bromelain into dermatological bases, and the activity was well preserved when these bases were kept in refrigerator at 4 ℃.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No 60504033)
文摘Principle component analysis （PCA） based chi-square test is more sensitive to subtle gross errors and has greater power to correctly detect gross errors than classical chi-square test. However, classical principal com- ponent test （PCT） is non-robust and can be very sensitive to one or more outliers. In this paper, a Huber function liked robust weight factor was added in the collective chi-square test to eliminate the influence of gross errors on the PCT. Meanwhile, robust chi-square test was applied to modified simultaneous estimation of gross error （MSEGE） strategy to detect and identify multiple gross errors. Simulation results show that the proposed robust test can reduce the possibility of type Ⅱ errors effectively. Adding robust chi-square test into MSEGE does not obviously improve the power of multiple gross error identification, the proposed approach considers the influence of outliers on hypothesis statistic test and is more reasonable.
