城市环境总体规划研究重点及保障措施分析

城市环境总体规划具有发展战略性、区域协调性和空间开发统筹性,是环境保护与建设的顶层设计。文章分析了城市环境总体规划的概念与内涵,指出了目前编制城市环境总体规划的必要性,进一步阐述了城市环境总体规划的研究重点,并总结出促进城市环境总体规划发挥作用的建议。

我国生态环境监测行业空气和废气中非甲烷总烃检测能力浅析

为了解生态环境监测行业空气和废气中非甲烷总烃的检测能力现状,为我国实现碳中和目标提供可靠的技术支撑,在全国范围内组织生态环境监测行业实验室开展非甲烷总烃检测能力验证,其中环境空气和废气非甲烷总烃分别有230家和201家实验室参加。该次能力验证的样品采用钢瓶气的形式,测试结果采用迭代稳健统计方法进行分析和评价。结果表明,环境空气和废气非甲烷总烃结果满意率分别为92.6%和91.0%;不同省份地区中环境空气非甲烷总烃满意率达100%的占64.5%,废气非甲烷总烃满意率达100%的占67.9%。由此可见,生态环境监测行业实验室环境空气和废气非甲烷总烃的总体检测能力和技术水平较好。

基于LCA的磷石膏石灰稳定土环境影响评价

使用生命周期评估(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法评估磷石膏石灰稳定土路基对环境的影响,在确定其对环境的影响范围的前提下,分析材料在生命周期中对环境的影响并列出清单,划分为6类环境影响类型,对各环境影响类型进行量化分析,基于层次分析法确定各种环境影响的权重,完成磷石膏石灰稳定土路基环境总负荷计算。计算结果证实:影响环境总负荷的核心环节主要在于结合料生产环节,生命周期环境总负荷中这一环节的影响占比高达90.32%。并提出相应的解决措施,如使用清洁能源、优化配比、加强施工质量监管等,可有效减轻磷石膏石灰稳定土路基实际使用过程中对环境的影响,对于环境协调性具有重大意义。

常规公交线网的低碳双层优化模型

以研究如何有效降低常规公交线网的碳排放量为目标,通过优化调整公交线网中不合理的分布、线路长度、非直线系数、复线系数等指标来实现降低公交线网的碳排放量。在保持常规公交线网一般性能的前提下,从出行人群、公交运营者以及社会环境3方面着手,建立了以线网总时耗、线网总能耗、线网总环境消耗和用户出行平衡为目标的双层优化模型。采用蚁群算法对双层优化模型进行求解,通过合理调整蚁群算法参数,寻找公交线网中的最优线路来实现有效降低公交线网的碳排放量。最后借助算例验证了模型和算法的正确性和有效性。

宏基因组克隆——微生物活性物质筛选的新途径

在现有技术条件下自然界存在的微生物95%以上未能培养,采用传统的分离培养筛选的途径寻找新的微生物生物活性物质受到局限;宏基因组是特定小生境中全部微小生物遗传物质的总和,直接抽提环境样品中的总DNA,利用适宜的载体克隆到替代宿主细胞中构建宏基因组文库,通过外源基因赋予宿主细胞的新性状或基于某些已知DNA序列筛选,寻找新的生物活性物质或基因,极大地扩展了微生物资源的利用空间,增加了获得新的生物活性物质的机会。

池州地区1998年灾后螺情调查报告

池州地区是安徽省血吸虫病重流行区之一。1998年特大洪水之后,全区各县市对历史有螺环境进行了全面认真调查,发现部分地区有较大面积螺情回升。现将调查情况报告如下。调查对象、方法一、普查对象和方法凡灾区历史有螺环境均列为调查对象,按血防手册采取环境抽样,加随机抽样进行调查。由各县(市)按地区统一制订的方案进行资料分析。二、复核抽样方法对回升和扩散的有螺环境,采用随机抽样的方法进行复查核实。内陆和三滩分别抽样,内陆抽查面积为回升或扩散面积的15%,环境不少于总环境的10%;三滩抽查面积为回升面积的20%。

建立公私部门间的景观平台

应全球环境变迁,台湾有关主管部门积极探讨环境景观政策,朝向环境再生复育、人本绿色生活、城乡优质生活与文化空间的保存营造。考虑相关政策需跨越行政区域、整合多元专业、兼顾软硬件建设,与有关主管部门、专业与地方民众共同推动。有关主管部门,却因缺乏弹性、专业与创意,以致政策执行与计划质量控管不易,因此引入环境景观总顾问机制,协助有关主管部门扮演整合平台角色,以补强行政能量未及之处。介绍作者担任各环境景观总顾问召集人所推动的不同类型计划实际操作经验与成果,供不同层级景观行政人员决策参考。

感冒的城市

青草与水泥之间悬殊的力量差异是显而易见的。所以一场文明淋落下来,城市就像蘑菇一样迅速崛起与生长,轻易覆盖了所有的平坦绿地。总环境是一个常量,这就造成了人文景观与自然景观的对立,造成两者之间你死我活的必然规律。

宏基因组克隆技术

环境中约99.8%的微生物不能用常规的微生物学方法培养,这样就使得绝大部分微生物资源的开发利用受到制约,而宏基因组克隆技术的产生则克服了对不可培养微生物研究的困难。到目前为止,通过宏基因组克隆技术已经获得了许多新的抗生素和酶的基因,而且随着该技术的不断完善将会加大有用分子发现的几率和对复杂微生物群落功能的了解。

Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Carbon Along a Precipitation Gradient and Their Responses to Some Environmental Changes

Based on data from a field survey in 2001 along the Northeast China transect (NECT), a precipitation gradient,and a short-term simulation experiment under ambient CO2 of 350 μmol mol-1 and doubled CO2 of 700 μmol mol-1with different soil moisture contents of 30%-45%, 45%-60%, and 60%-80% soil water holding capacity, the distributionof soil organic carbon and labile carbon along the NECT, their relationships with precipitation and their responses toCO2 enrichment and soil moisture changes were analyzed. The results indicated that the soil labile carbon along thegradient was significantly related to soil organic carbon (r = 0.993, P < 0.001). The soil labile carbon decreased morerapidly with depth than organic carbon. The soil organic and labile carbon along the gradient decreased with decrease inlongitude in both the topsoils and subsoils, and the coefficient of variation for the labile carbon was greater than that forthe organic carbon. Both the soil organic carbon and labile carbon had significant linear relationships with precipitation,with the correlation coefficient of soil organic carbon being lower (0.677 at P < 0.001) than that of soil labile carbon(0.712 at P < 0.001). In the simulation experiment with doubled and ambient CO2 and different moisture contents, thecoefficient of variation for soil organic carbon was only 1.3%, while for soil labile carbon it was 29.7%. With doubled CO2concentration (700 μmol mol-1), soil labile carbon decreased significantly at 45% to 60% of soil moisture content. Theseindicated that soil labile carbon was relatively more sensitive to environmental changes than soil organic carbon.

Ecological Footprint and Major Driving Forces in West Jilin Province, Northeast China

The environmental impact caused by local people （ecological footprint of consumption, EFc） and the actual environmental impact that the ecosystem burdens （ecological footprint of production, EFp） in West Jilin Province, Northeast China from 1986 to 2006 were evaluated by using ecological footprint （EF） method. And the major driving forces of EFc and EFp were analyzed by STIRPAT model. Both EFc and EFp showed increasing trends in 1986-2006, accompanied by decreasing ecological deficits but expanding ecological overshoots. Population （P）, GDP per capita （A1）, quadratic term of GDP per capita （A2）, urbanization （Tα1）, and quadratic term of urbanization （Ta2） were important influencing factors of EFc, among which Tα2 and Tα1 were the most dominate driving forces of EFc. A1, A2 and Tα2 were important influencing factors of EFp, among which A2 and A1 were the most dominate driving forces of EFp. In 1986-2006, the classical Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis did not exist between A2 and EF （both EFc and EFp）, but did between Tα2 and EF. The results indicate that enhancing the urbanization process and diversifying economic sources is one of the most effective ways to reduce the environmental impact of West Jilin Province. Moreover, importance should be attached to improve the eco-efficiency of resource exploitation and consumption.

EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES OF JILIN PROVINCE, NORTHEAST CHINA

The main purpose of this study is to give evaluation of ecological services of Jilin Province, Northeast China. To take this value into decision-making and GDP accounting system is considered to be one of the economic solutions for ecological problems. The evaluation is based on the methods proposed by COSTANZA et al., and some modifications about unit value of forest and cropland system were made according to the real characters of ecosystem, climate, natural conditions etc., in Jilin Province. Total value of ecosystem services is about 554.404x10(9) yuan(RMB)/a, which is about 4.9 times of GDP of the corresponding period. The results of this study could be used as a fundamental work for the construction of ecological province, which was carried out from 2001, and could provide ecological information for decision-making. Furthermore, the necessities for the further studies on the evaluation of ecological services and natural capital were discussed.

China's Total Emission Control Policy:a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation. The article has three sections: a summary of the implementation experience, issues with the design and implementation of the policy, and policy recommendations.

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation to Atmospheric Moisture Content: Case Study of Bilis (2006)

In this article, the authors used the Weather Research and Forecast model to investigate the sensitivity of tropical cyclone Bilis' total precipitation to ambient water vapor content. The tropical cyclone precipitation decreased dramatically with the reduction of the ambient water vapor content in the atmosphere. The decrease of precipitation can be explained by two mechanisms. First, as the major source of precipitation, moisture conver-gence decreases accordingly with the moisture content. Second, the tropical cyclone (TC) size reduction due to the moisture decrease influences the precipitation area. Both mechanisms were observed in this study.

Grafting,metham sodium,soil solarization and virtually impermeable films as alternative technologies to methyl bromide for Chinese protected tomatoes

In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）, experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city （Shandong Province, China） during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock （Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum）, metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock （Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum） introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.

The Role of Business in Accelerating Sustainable Development in Africa

Sustainable development is seen as a way to end extreme poverty, promote economic growth, and advance environmental sustainability and reduce gender inequality. Sustainable development is embedded in the Gross Domestic Product （GDP） of a nation and GDP is used as an indicator of the economic health of a country and also as a way of measuring a country＇s standard of living. Accelerating sustainable development requires the involvement of businesses to play a role in creating economic growth and job creation. The understanding is that when businesses invest in capital that is used in the production of goods, they create employment which in turn helps boost the people＇s standard of living as they earn some income. However, accelerating sustainable development has a beating on employee empowerrnent where workers are paid living wages to meet their fundamental needs, job security, and right to join a trade union and working in an environment free of sexual harassment.

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.

Synchronization in a Mutualism Ecosystem Induced by Noise Correlation

Understanding the cause of the synchronization of population evolution is an important issue for ecologicalimprovement.Here we present a Lotka-Volterra-type model driven by two correlated environmental noises and show,via theoretical analysis and direct simulation,that noise correlation can induce a synchronization of the mutualists.Thetime series of mutual species exhibit a chaotic-like fluctuation,which is independent of the noise correlation,however,the chaotic fluctuation of mutual species ratio decreases with the noise correlation.A quantitative parameter defined forcharacterizing chaotic fluctuation provides a good approach to measure when the complete synchronization happens.

突出个性、追求时代感——电白城信培训大楼创作随想

在我国现阶段,随着城市建设规模的不断扩大,大面积地拆迁改造,城市开发区的不断涌现,原有的城市轮廓和面貌正在迅速地改变,旧有的城市空间形式与生活模式随之消失,而新的城市公共空间结构将对市民的生活模式有着举足轻重的影响。同时,社会广泛的商业化建筑也成为某种形式的消费。人们对风行一时的建筑手法、"样式"趋之若鹜。

Characterization of Organic Matter Preserved in the Triassic Lockatong Formation in the Newark Basin

This study is aimed at characterizing the organic matter preserved in the Triassic Lockatong formation deposited in the Newark Basin. On the basis of the TOC （Total Organic Carbon）, the Lockatong formation was deposited in a reducing environment in the deep NW part of the basin, which is favorable to the accumulation of organic matter. However, the Lockatong formation of the SE border of the basin was deposited in oxic conditions that prevented the preservation of organic matter if there is any. The structuration of the basin into deep subsiding NW section due to the reactivation of the NE-SW striking faults and the development of anoxic conditions were favorable for the accumulation and preservation of the organic matter in the deep part of the basin.