The bloom forming dinoflagellate, Ceratium furca, has been linked with coastal eutrophication worldwide in tropical and subtropical locations. During the summer of 2007, an unusual 6-month long bloom of C. furca was o...The bloom forming dinoflagellate, Ceratium furca, has been linked with coastal eutrophication worldwide in tropical and subtropical locations. During the summer of 2007, an unusual 6-month long bloom of C. furca was observed in Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Incidents of dinoflagellate blooms in this area have not been previously reported. The bloom was first reported in May and dissipated in November 2007. In February-March 2009, a similar C. furca bloom was observed. During both blooms, no fish mortality events were reported. Maximum cell counts were observed on September 20, 2007 at 9 200 cell/mL. At this time, total nitrogen was measured at 1.2 mg/L while total phosphate was below detection limits. Changes in land use practices may have been the primary driver of these blooms. Intense fertilization of athletic fields coupled with ineffective management strategies is hypothesized to have a direct link to the increase in nutrients found in the Pago Pago Harbor and may have been the trigger for the initialization of these blooms. During 2008, the fields were not used due to an infestation of the fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Once controlled, the fields were opened again in 2009 and fertilizers were applied in January, a month before the bloom was observed.展开更多
Background： It has been reported that strenuous exercise increases the number of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells such as CD34＋ cells in the blood, but no previous studies have investigated the changes in circul...Background： It has been reported that strenuous exercise increases the number of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells such as CD34＋ cells in the blood, but no previous studies have investigated the changes in circulating CD34＋ cells following resistance exercise. This study tested the hypothesis that the number of CD34＋ cells in the blood would increase after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors, but decrease in recovery, and the magnitude of the changes would be dependent on the magnitude of muscle damage. Methods： Nine men （28.0 ± 6.6 years） performed exercises consisting of 10 sets of six maximal voluntary eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors with their non-dominant arm. Six of them performed the same exercise with the same ann 4 weeks later. Changes in indirect markers of muscle damage were measured before, within 10 min after, and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after eccentric exercise. Differential leukocyte counts （total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes） and CD34＋ cells in the blood were measured before, immediately after, and at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following the exercises. Results： After eccentric exercise, significant （p 〈 0.05） decreases in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and increases in delayed onset muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase activity were observed. However, no significant changes in leukocytes and CD34＋ cells were evident. The changes in muscle damage markers were significantly （p 〈 0.05） smaller following the second exercise session as compared with the first exercise session, but the changes in leukocytes and CD34＋ cells were not significantly different between sessions. Conclusion： These results did not support the hypothesis, and showed that eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage to the elbow flexors did not influence the number of circulating CD34＋ cells.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate morphometric and hematological parameters of juveniles Piracanjubas treated with two distinct photoperiod. Twenty nine fish with 100 g, in a factorial design were performed in 18 ...The aim of this study was to evaluate morphometric and hematological parameters of juveniles Piracanjubas treated with two distinct photoperiod. Twenty nine fish with 100 g, in a factorial design were performed in 18 h light：6 h dark （18L：6D） and 6L：lSD two different photoperiod, and morphometric and hematological parameters were evaluated at 45 d and 90 d after photoperiod treatment. Benzocaine 1% was used for euthanasia. Fish were weighed and measured, so as visceral fat, liver and gonads. Hematocrit, total count of white cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils were counted. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between bodyweight and standard length. Significant interaction （P = 0.00018） had been found between the fat index （FI） and gonado-somatic index （GSI） and the photoperiod and time. At 90 d, the fish kept in 18L：6D had a lower rate of fat than the fish kept in 6L：18D （P 〈 0.05）. The GSI was higher in the group 6L.＇18D compared with the 18L：6D （P 〈 0.005）. There was no interaction between photoperiod and period of treatment for total leukocyte count, however with 90 d, the total leukocyte count was decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, decrease of the hematocrit from 58.1% to 46.9% and an increase of lymphocytes from 31.5% to 43.5% had been found in fish kept in 18L：6D after 90 d （P 〈 0.05）. Fish kept in 6L：ISD presented an increase in segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes （P 〈 0.05）. It is concluded that photoperiod maintained at 6L： 18D for Piracanjubas permits a greater gonadal development and an amount of immune cells over the photoperiod maintained in 18L： 6D.展开更多
Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be con...Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm which is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depends on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid ＂dead ends＂ if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from when it is established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several months during which the system can act as a ＂dead end＂ if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.展开更多
Objective： To explore the effects and the mechanism of Wuwei Dilong Decoction （五味地龙汤 Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm Decoction） for treatment of asthma. Methods： The asthma guinea pig model was established wit...Objective： To explore the effects and the mechanism of Wuwei Dilong Decoction （五味地龙汤 Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm Decoction） for treatment of asthma. Methods： The asthma guinea pig model was established with spray of ovalbumin （OVA）. Fifteen days later, the guinea pigs were administered by intra-gastric perfusion of Wuwei Dilong Decoction once a day for 8 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken for testing the total leucocytes, eosinophil （EOS）, lymphocytes, interferon-γ （IFN-γ） and leukotriene B4 （LTB4）. Results： In the asthma model group, the total leucocytes, EOS and lymphocytes were all increased, with significant differences as compared with the different dosage Wuwei Dilong Decoction groups （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. The serum LTB4 in the asthma model group was significantly increased and IFN-γ decreased. After administration of Wuwei Dilong Decoction of the large, medium and small dosages, LTB4 decreased, while IFN-7 increased （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Wuwei Dilong Decoction can inhibit infiltration and diffusion of the inflammatory cells in the asthma model guinea pigs, and regulate LTB4 and IFN-γ, which is probably one of the important mechanisms of Wuwei Dilong Decoction for relieving asthma.展开更多
基金Supported partially by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Grant (No. CRIS 0185945),USDA Region 9 Water Quality Coordination Grant (to DV)NOAA Base Funds (SM)
文摘The bloom forming dinoflagellate, Ceratium furca, has been linked with coastal eutrophication worldwide in tropical and subtropical locations. During the summer of 2007, an unusual 6-month long bloom of C. furca was observed in Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Incidents of dinoflagellate blooms in this area have not been previously reported. The bloom was first reported in May and dissipated in November 2007. In February-March 2009, a similar C. furca bloom was observed. During both blooms, no fish mortality events were reported. Maximum cell counts were observed on September 20, 2007 at 9 200 cell/mL. At this time, total nitrogen was measured at 1.2 mg/L while total phosphate was below detection limits. Changes in land use practices may have been the primary driver of these blooms. Intense fertilization of athletic fields coupled with ineffective management strategies is hypothesized to have a direct link to the increase in nutrients found in the Pago Pago Harbor and may have been the trigger for the initialization of these blooms. During 2008, the fields were not used due to an infestation of the fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Once controlled, the fields were opened again in 2009 and fertilizers were applied in January, a month before the bloom was observed.
文摘Background： It has been reported that strenuous exercise increases the number of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells such as CD34＋ cells in the blood, but no previous studies have investigated the changes in circulating CD34＋ cells following resistance exercise. This study tested the hypothesis that the number of CD34＋ cells in the blood would increase after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors, but decrease in recovery, and the magnitude of the changes would be dependent on the magnitude of muscle damage. Methods： Nine men （28.0 ± 6.6 years） performed exercises consisting of 10 sets of six maximal voluntary eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors with their non-dominant arm. Six of them performed the same exercise with the same ann 4 weeks later. Changes in indirect markers of muscle damage were measured before, within 10 min after, and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after eccentric exercise. Differential leukocyte counts （total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes） and CD34＋ cells in the blood were measured before, immediately after, and at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h following the exercises. Results： After eccentric exercise, significant （p 〈 0.05） decreases in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and increases in delayed onset muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase activity were observed. However, no significant changes in leukocytes and CD34＋ cells were evident. The changes in muscle damage markers were significantly （p 〈 0.05） smaller following the second exercise session as compared with the first exercise session, but the changes in leukocytes and CD34＋ cells were not significantly different between sessions. Conclusion： These results did not support the hypothesis, and showed that eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage to the elbow flexors did not influence the number of circulating CD34＋ cells.
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate morphometric and hematological parameters of juveniles Piracanjubas treated with two distinct photoperiod. Twenty nine fish with 100 g, in a factorial design were performed in 18 h light：6 h dark （18L：6D） and 6L：lSD two different photoperiod, and morphometric and hematological parameters were evaluated at 45 d and 90 d after photoperiod treatment. Benzocaine 1% was used for euthanasia. Fish were weighed and measured, so as visceral fat, liver and gonads. Hematocrit, total count of white cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils were counted. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between bodyweight and standard length. Significant interaction （P = 0.00018） had been found between the fat index （FI） and gonado-somatic index （GSI） and the photoperiod and time. At 90 d, the fish kept in 18L：6D had a lower rate of fat than the fish kept in 6L：18D （P 〈 0.05）. The GSI was higher in the group 6L.＇18D compared with the 18L：6D （P 〈 0.005）. There was no interaction between photoperiod and period of treatment for total leukocyte count, however with 90 d, the total leukocyte count was decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, decrease of the hematocrit from 58.1% to 46.9% and an increase of lymphocytes from 31.5% to 43.5% had been found in fish kept in 18L：6D after 90 d （P 〈 0.05）. Fish kept in 6L：ISD presented an increase in segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes （P 〈 0.05）. It is concluded that photoperiod maintained at 6L： 18D for Piracanjubas permits a greater gonadal development and an amount of immune cells over the photoperiod maintained in 18L： 6D.
文摘Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm which is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depends on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid ＂dead ends＂ if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from when it is established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several months during which the system can act as a ＂dead end＂ if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.
文摘Objective： To explore the effects and the mechanism of Wuwei Dilong Decoction （五味地龙汤 Schisandra Fruit and Earthworm Decoction） for treatment of asthma. Methods： The asthma guinea pig model was established with spray of ovalbumin （OVA）. Fifteen days later, the guinea pigs were administered by intra-gastric perfusion of Wuwei Dilong Decoction once a day for 8 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken for testing the total leucocytes, eosinophil （EOS）, lymphocytes, interferon-γ （IFN-γ） and leukotriene B4 （LTB4）. Results： In the asthma model group, the total leucocytes, EOS and lymphocytes were all increased, with significant differences as compared with the different dosage Wuwei Dilong Decoction groups （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. The serum LTB4 in the asthma model group was significantly increased and IFN-γ decreased. After administration of Wuwei Dilong Decoction of the large, medium and small dosages, LTB4 decreased, while IFN-7 increased （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Wuwei Dilong Decoction can inhibit infiltration and diffusion of the inflammatory cells in the asthma model guinea pigs, and regulate LTB4 and IFN-γ, which is probably one of the important mechanisms of Wuwei Dilong Decoction for relieving asthma.
