Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainab...Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainability. Measurements for gray water samples were carried out including pH, EC （electrical conductivity）, TDS （total dissolved solids）, TS （total solids）, TSS （total suspended solids）, DO （dissolved oxygen）, BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, alkalinity, chlorides （Cl）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, magnesium （Mg）, potassium （K）, lead （Pb）, TC （total coliforms）, TF （total fecal coliforms）, and nitrate （NO3）. The goals of this study are to estimate quantities of fresh water consumption and gray water generated in typical Baghdadian households, and to investigate gray water quality （physical, chemical and biological）. The major results can be summarized as follows： （1） The daily water consumption in Baghdad ranged from 75 Lpcd to 176 Lpcd with an average of 116 Lpcd; （2） the maximum daily consumption in Baghdad ranged from 124 Lpcd to 327 Lpcd with an average of 186 Lpcd; （3） the maximum hourly consumption in Baghdad ranged from 154 Lpcd to 900 Lpcd with an average of 308 Lpcd; （4） gray water generation in Baghdad ranged from 34 Lpcd to 139 Lpcd with an average of 68 Lpcd, and that gray water generated constituted 58% to 72% of total consumption.展开更多
Laboratory investigations were carried out to establish conservative estimates of the contaminant removals obtained by the recharge of local secondary effluents through a sand dune. In the preliminary study, suitabili...Laboratory investigations were carried out to establish conservative estimates of the contaminant removals obtained by the recharge of local secondary effluents through a sand dune. In the preliminary study, suitability of unchlorinated wastewater as opposed to the chlorinated wastewater and the development of headlosses were investigated with respect to the development of anaerobic conditions. In the main laboratory study, a 5 m high Plexiglass sand box column was investigated for conservative predictions. The average removals of BOD, COD, and TOC were over 65%, 65%, and 55%, respectively. The COD was primarily removed in the first 200 cm of the column. The effluent had a residual TOC of 1.66 mg/L and consisted of humic substances. The average removal of microbial indicator organisms： Total Coliform （TC） and Coliphage were over 85% and 66%, respectively. The product water contained only nominal amounts of TC （Average - 21.5 MPN/100 ml） and Coliphage （Average - 6 PFU/100 ml）. The porous media largely remained unaffected by the recharge operation. The changes were mainly seen in the upper 26 cm of the column.展开更多
文摘Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainability. Measurements for gray water samples were carried out including pH, EC （electrical conductivity）, TDS （total dissolved solids）, TS （total solids）, TSS （total suspended solids）, DO （dissolved oxygen）, BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, alkalinity, chlorides （Cl）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, magnesium （Mg）, potassium （K）, lead （Pb）, TC （total coliforms）, TF （total fecal coliforms）, and nitrate （NO3）. The goals of this study are to estimate quantities of fresh water consumption and gray water generated in typical Baghdadian households, and to investigate gray water quality （physical, chemical and biological）. The major results can be summarized as follows： （1） The daily water consumption in Baghdad ranged from 75 Lpcd to 176 Lpcd with an average of 116 Lpcd; （2） the maximum daily consumption in Baghdad ranged from 124 Lpcd to 327 Lpcd with an average of 186 Lpcd; （3） the maximum hourly consumption in Baghdad ranged from 154 Lpcd to 900 Lpcd with an average of 308 Lpcd; （4） gray water generation in Baghdad ranged from 34 Lpcd to 139 Lpcd with an average of 68 Lpcd, and that gray water generated constituted 58% to 72% of total consumption.
文摘Laboratory investigations were carried out to establish conservative estimates of the contaminant removals obtained by the recharge of local secondary effluents through a sand dune. In the preliminary study, suitability of unchlorinated wastewater as opposed to the chlorinated wastewater and the development of headlosses were investigated with respect to the development of anaerobic conditions. In the main laboratory study, a 5 m high Plexiglass sand box column was investigated for conservative predictions. The average removals of BOD, COD, and TOC were over 65%, 65%, and 55%, respectively. The COD was primarily removed in the first 200 cm of the column. The effluent had a residual TOC of 1.66 mg/L and consisted of humic substances. The average removal of microbial indicator organisms： Total Coliform （TC） and Coliphage were over 85% and 66%, respectively. The product water contained only nominal amounts of TC （Average - 21.5 MPN/100 ml） and Coliphage （Average - 6 PFU/100 ml）. The porous media largely remained unaffected by the recharge operation. The changes were mainly seen in the upper 26 cm of the column.
