基于恩克法的雷达交接时刻预报与误差分析

弹道预报是导弹预警中雷达交接时刻预报的重要环节,为提高交接时刻的预报精度,将恩克法应用于弹道预报中,首先利用二体力学模型建立了导弹运动的基准轨道,通过求解基准轨道与实际轨道偏差的微分方程,得到偏差值,然后,将基准轨道与偏差相加,实现对实际弹道的预报,由此弹道预报得到雷达交接时刻的预报。在进行误差分析时,采用无迹变换的方法,计算了交接时刻的状态协方差矩阵,进而,由协方差矩阵刻画了交接时刻的误差椭球。仿真实验表明,与传统的方法相比,该算法考虑了导弹运动中的摄动因素,能够进行大时长积分,运算耗时少,且计算精度高,对于雷达交接时刻的预报具有较高的应用价值。

关于改进的Encke方法中参考轨道的选择和校正

对于改进的Ｅｎｃｋｅ方法，选择适当的参考轨道是一个关键．然而，对于人造地球卫星长弧轨道计算，目前所给出的几种参考轨道均需要逐段校正，这将给定轨问题带来附加的复杂性．本文将仔细探讨如何选择参考轨道和减少校正次数．

Special issues in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

The incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising and recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have improved the care provided to these children. There are distinguishing features worth noting between early onset and adult onset IBD. Physical and psychosocial development remains a critical target for the comprehensive management of pediatric IBD. Children are not just little adults and consideration must be given to the stages of development and how these stages impact disease presentation and management. The final stage will be the transition from pediatric care to that of adult oriented care and special consideration must be given to make this a successful process. This review highlights special considerations in the management of the child with IBD.

Effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on chromatin remodeling-related enzymes in the colon tissue of rats with Crohn disease

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on chromatin remodeling complex core catalytic subunit of Brahma-related gene 1(Brg1),histone deacetylase(HDAC)3,HDAC9,and males absent on the first(MOF)in the colon tissue of rats with Crohn disease(CD).Methods:Using the random number table method,60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups,including a normal group,a model group,an acupuncture group,a medicinal cake-insulated moxibustion group,and an acupuncture-moxibustion group,with 12 rats in each group.CD rat models were prepared using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)in all groups except the normal group.The normal and model groups received no interventions.In the acupuncture group,rats were intervened with acupuncture at bilateral Zusanli(ST36)and Shangjuxu(ST37),20 min/session,once a day.The medicinal cake-insulated moxibustion group received medicinal cake-insulated moxibustion at Qihai(CV6)and bilateral Tianshu(ST25)with 2 cones per point per session,once a day.The acupuncture-moxibustion group received both acupuncture and moxibustion interventions simultaneously.Each intervention was performed for 10 consecutive days.Observations included general condition,disease activity,macroscopic damage,and pathological changes in the rat’s colon tissue.Realtime fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of chromatin remodeling-related enzymes Brg1,HDAC3,and HDAC9,while Western blotting detected the protein expression of Brg1,HDAC3,HDAC9,and MOF in rat’s colon tissue.Results:The model group showed significantly increased diarrhea score,occult blood score,macroscopic damage score of colon tissue,and colon macroscopic damage index(CMDI)score,as well as elevated mRNA expression levels of HDAC3 and HDAC9,protein expression levels of HDAC3,HDAC9,and MOF,and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of Brg1 compared to the normal group(P<0.01).In contrast,compared to the model group,the diarrhea score,occult blood score,macroscopic damage score,CMDI score,mRNA expression levels of HDAC3 and HDAC9,and protein expression levels of HDAC3,HDAC9,and MOF were significantly reduced(P<0.05 or P<0.01),while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Brg1 were significantly increased(P<0.01)in the acupuncture group,the medicinal cake-insulated moxibustion group,and the acupuncture-moxibustion group.Conclusion:Both medicinal cake-insulated moxibustion and acupuncture,either used alone or in combination,can regulate the abnormal expression of chromatin remodeling-related enzymes Brg1,HDAC3,HDAC9,and MOF in the colon tissue,thus reducing colon inflammation in CD rats.

Effect of electroacupuncture and herbal cakepartitioned moxibustion on anxiety and depression in patients with Crohn's disease in remission

Objective： To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on anxiety and depression in patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD） in remission. Methods： Sixty CD cases were randomly allocated into an EA group （n=30） and an herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group （n=30） using the random number table by the ratio of 1：1. In addition, 30 healthy subjects were included in a control group. Bilateral Tianshu （ST 25）, Qihai （CV 6） and Zhongwan （CV 12） were used in the EA and herbal cake- partitioned moxibustion groups. The treatment was done 3 times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. The efficacy was evaluated using self-rating anxiety scale （SAS）, self-rating depression scale （SDS） and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom scores. Results： Before treatment, the SAS and SDS scores in CD patients were remarkably higher than those in healthy subjects. After EA or herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion treatment, the SAS and SDS scores were significantly decreased in both groups, showing significant intra-group differences （P〈0.05）; the symptom scores of abdominal pain （severity, frequency and duration）, bowel sounds/flatus and general fatigue were significantly decreased, showing significant intra-group differences （P〈0.05）; however, there were no between-group statistical differences （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Both EA and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion can significantly decrease abnormally high SAS and SDS scores in CD patients as well as TCM symptom scores. The two therapies share similar effects in alleviating common symptoms and improving anxiety and depression.

Effect of Acupuncture-moxibustion on TNF-α,sTNFR-Ⅰ and sTNFR-Ⅱ of Rats with Crohn's Disease

Objective： To observe the effect of acupuncture-moxibustion on TNF-α, sTNFR-Ⅰ and sTNFR-Ⅱ in rats with Crohn＇s disease （CD）. Method： The models of CD rats induced by TNBS were randomized into model group, herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group and electroacupuncture group as well as a normal control group. The histopathological changes of colon mucus membrane were observed with HE staining and the contents of TNF-α, sTNFR-Ⅰ and sTNFR-Ⅱ were detected with ELISA method. Results： When compared with the normal group, the TNF-α level in CD rats was substantially elevated and the sTNFR-Ⅰ and sTNFR-Ⅱ showed no marked changes. After herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion and electroacupuncture treatment, the TNF-α level in CD rats was substantially reduced and sTNFR-Ⅰ and sTNFR-Ⅱ showed no marked changes. The inflammatory lesions and abnormal structures of CD rats were significantly improved after herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion and electric stimulation. Conclusion： Herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion and electroacupuncture can both remarkably reduce the TNF-α level in blood serum, and this might be one of the action mechanisms in the treatment of CD.

Effect of moxibustion on expressions of HO-1 and MCP-3 protein in colon of rats with Crohn's disease

Objective： To observe the effect of moxibustion therapy on heme oxygenase-1（HO-1） and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3（MCP-3） protein expressions in the colonic mucosa of rats with Crohn＇s disease（CD）, and to explore the intestinal mucosal immune mechanism of moxibustion therapy in treating CD. Methods： The CD rat model was established using the internationally accepted Morris method. The rats were randomly divided into a model group, a herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group, a mild moxibustion group, a cigarette moxibustion group and a hot compress group, which were compared with the normal group. Except the normal group and the model group, rats in the other groups accepted different moxibustion therapies on bilateral Tianshu（ST 25）. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was conducted and the pathological changes of the colon were observed under light microscope; the expressions of HO-1 and MCP-3 protein in rat＇s colonic mucosa were determined by immunohisto-chemistry. Results： Compared with the normal group, rats in the model group showed mucosal defect, villus destruction or loss, submucosal congestion and edema, glandular destruction or disappearance, reduced goblet cells, ulcer formation, significantly increased positive target area and positive target integral optical density of HO-1 and MCP-3 protein expression（all P〈0.01）. After treatment, compared with the model group, colonic mucosa was significantly improved in the herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group and the mild moxibustion group, which mainly showed that the intestinal glands were arranged regularly, ulcer surfaces were covered by the neoformative epitheliums, or intestinal ulcers were replaced by the nascent granulation tissue, and submucosal edema was alleviated, with a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. The total areas and the integral optical densities of the positive targets for rat＇s colonic mucosa HO-1 and MCP-3 protein expressions were decreased（all P〈0.01）. Compared with the cigarette moxibustion group and the hot compress group, the total areas and the integral optical densities of the positive targets for rat＇s colonic mucosa HO-1 and MCP-3 protein expressions were significantly decreased（all P〈0.01） in the herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group and the mild moxibustion group. Conclusion： Herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion and mild moxibustion can significantly improve the inflammatory response of colonic mucosa in CD rats. It can down-regulate the expressions of HO-1 and MCP-3 proteins in the colonic mucosa of CD rats, which may be one of the mechanism in intestinal mucosal immunity caused by moxibustion therapy.

Acupuncture on the Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Type Ⅰ Collagen in Colons of Rats with Crohn’s Disease

Objective：To observe the impacts of herb-partitioned moxibustion,warm moxibustion and electroacupuncture on the basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF）and collagen type Ⅰ（Col Ⅰ）in colons of rats with Crohn＇ disease（CD）,and discuss the mechanism of acupuncture therapy on the intestinal fibrosis in CD.Methods：The model rats were developed by TNBS as multiple proinflammatory method.The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups：a normal group,a model group,a warm moxibustion group,an electroacupuncture group and a herb-partitioned moxibustion group.The treatments were carried out at Tianshu（ST 25）（bilateral）and Qihai（CV 6）in different treatments.The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression position of Col Ⅰ and bFGF.Results：The expressions of Col Ⅰ and bFGF in colons of rots in the model group significantly increased（compared with the normal group,P〈0.01）.After the herb-partitioned moxibustion,warm moxibustion and electroacupuncture,the expressions of Col Ⅰ and bFGF reduced markedly in the rats with CD（P〈0.01）.The expression of bFGF and Col Ⅰ in the colons had an obvious correlation in the Spearman rank correlation analysis.Conclusion：Acupuncture treatment reduced the abnormally high levels of expressions for Col Ⅰ and bFGF in colons.Col Ⅰ and bFGF participated in the fibrosis.Acupuncture treatment may reduce the bFGF expression in colons to regulate the excessive deposition,treating the intestinal fibrosis in CD.

Effect of herb-partitioned moxibustion in improving tight junctions of intestinal epithelium in Crohn disease mediated by TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway

Objective:To explore the effect of herb-partitioned moxibustion(HPM)on tight junctions(TJs)of intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn disease(CD)mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)-nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)-myosin-light-chain kinase(MLCK)pathway.Methods:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control(NC)group,a model control(MC)group,an HPM group and a mesalazine(MESA)group,with 12 rats in each group.Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)was administered to establish CD models.When the model was confirmed a success,the HPM group rats were treated with HPM at Tianshu(ST 25)and Qihai(CV 6),while the MESA group rats were given MESA solution by lavage.When the intervention finished,the colonic epithelial tissues were separated,purified and cultured in each group to establish the intestinal epithelial barrier model in vitro,and TNF-αwas added(100 ng/mL)in the culture medium and maintained for 24 h to establish an increased epithelial permeability model.Transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER)was used to examine the permeability of the barrier;Western blot was used to observe the expressions of the proteins related to TJs of intestinal epithelial cells mediated by TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway;immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expressions and distributions of tight junction proteins in the intestinal epithelium.Results:After TNF-αinduction,compared with the MC+TNF-αgroup,the TEER value increased significantly in the HPM+TNF-αand MESA+TNF-αgroups(both P<0.001);the expressions of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)p65,MLCK,myosin light chain(MLC),tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6)and receptor interaction protein-1(RIP1)decreased significantly(P<0.01 or P<0.05),and the expression of zinc finger protein A20(A20)increased significantly(P<0.01);the expressions of occludin,claudin-1,zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1)and F-actin also increased significantly(all P<0.01).Compared with the MESA+TNF-αgroup,the expressions of MLC,occludin,claudin-1,ZO-1 and F-actin increased significantly in the HPM+TNF-αgroup(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Conclusion:HPM can protect or repair the damage of intestinal epithelial barrier in CD rats,which may be achieved through modulating the abnormal TJs in intestinal epithelium mediated by TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway.

Effect of Moxibustion on Expressions of TGF-β and Smad4 in Colonic Mucosa of Rats with Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn Disease

Objective： To observe the effect of moxibustion on the expressions of transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） protein, and Smad4 protein and mRNA in rats with intestinal fibrosis in Crohn disease （CD）, and to discuss the action mechanism of acupuncture-moxibustion in treating intestinal fibrosis in CD from the perspective of TGF-β/Smads signal pathway. Methods： A CD intestinal fibrosis model was developed by using male SD rats of clean grade. The rats were randomized into a normal group, a model group, a mild moxibustion group, an electroacupuncture （EA） group, and a herb-partitioned moxibustion group. The rats in the normal and the model groups did not receive any interventions. Tianshu （ST 25） and Qihai （CV 6） were selected for the rats in the mild moxibustion group, the EA group, and the herb-partitioned moxibustion group. Mild moxibustion, EA, and herb-partitioned moxibustion were given respectively. After treatment, the expressions of TGF-β and Smad4 proteins in rat’s colon were detected by using immunohistochemistry （IHC）; the expression of Smad4 mRNA was determined by using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR）. Results： Compared with the normal group, the expressions of TGF-β protein, Smad4 protein and Smad4 mRNA significantly increased in the model group （P0.01）. Compared with the model group, the expressions of TGF-β protein, Smad4 protein, and Smad4 mRNA dropped markedly （P0.01 or P0.05） after treatments of mild moxibustion, EA, and herb-partitioned moxibustion. Conclusion： The expressions of TGF-β protein, Smad4 protein and Smad4 mRNA significantly increase in CD rats withintestinal fibrosis; while mild moxibustion, EA and herb-partitioned moxibustion at Tianshu （ST 25） and Qihai （CV 6） all can down-regulate the abnormal expressions.