“恩差”与宋代官制演进中的权力关系——以添差官、侍从官和兼官为例

“恩差”,是宋代官制中的一种权力关系特征,形成于君臣之间的权力互动,具体到政制中,即“恩典”与“职差”,前者侧重于皇帝的优宠与拔擢,后者侧重于具体政务的处理。由于宋神宗朝的政治实践,添差官在出现之初便作为皇帝“恩差”而具有恩典性与职差性。侍从官群体较为复杂,其“恩差性”始终交融,但元丰改制前后亦有不同的侧重。兼官最初则主要集中于恩典性,无职差性,随着元丰改制的推行,兼官获得了职差性,从单纯的皇帝“恩典”转变为皇帝“恩差”。在之后的制度演变中,添差官开始逐渐融入地方官僚系统中,“恩典性”趋于消亡。侍从官由于职事侍从官群体的扩大,开始从“言语侍从”转变为“有司之臣”,职差性大大增强。存在于中央高层官僚中的兼官,则因改制后职事官的恢复,塑造了新的权力结构。以权力关系为视角,探讨非常规制度的常规化,或可展示更为丰富的历史图景。

A New Differential Quadrature Methodology Based on Bernstein Polynomials for Solving the Equations Governing the Unsteady Flow of a Polytropic Gas

Aims of this paper are to improve ADI differential quadrature method （ADI-DQM） based on Bernstein polynomials and add a new application to the differential quadrature method. By using the new methodology, the numerical solutions of the governing equations of unsteady two-dimensional flow of a polytropic gas are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the new technique is very effective and gives high accuracy, good convergence and reasonable stability.

Rates of hospitalization among African American and Caucasian American patients with Crohn’s disease seen at a tertiary care center

Background:There is equivocal evidence regarding differences in the clinical course and outcomes of Crohn’s disease(CD)among African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans.We sought to analyze whether African Americans with CD are more likely to be hospitalized for CD-related complications when compared with Caucasian Americans with CD.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 909 African Americans and Caucasian Americans with CD who were seen at our tertiary care Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)referral center between 2000 and 2013.We calculated the rate of hospitalization for CD-related complications among African Americans and Caucasian Americans separately.Zero-inflated Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to estimate crude and multivariable adjusted rate ratios(RR)for CD-related hospitalizations.Multivariable adjusted models included adjustment for age,sex,duration of CD,smoking and CD therapy.Results:The cumulative rate of CD-related hospital admissions was higher among African American patients compared with Caucasian American patients(395.6/1000 person-years in African Americans vs.230.4/1000 person-years in Caucasian Americans).Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted rate ratios for CD-related hospitalization comparing African Americans and Caucasian Americans were 1.59(95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.10–2.29;P=0.01)and 1.44(95%CI:1.02–2.03;P=0.04),respectively.Conclusions:African Americans with CD followed at a tertiary IBD-referral center had a higher rate for CD-related hospitalizations compared with Caucasian Americans.Future studies should examine whether socioeconomic status and biologic markers of disease status could explain the higher risk observed among African Americans.

Sharp large deviation results for sums of independent random variables

We show sharp bounds for probabilities of large deviations for sums of independent random variables satisfying Bernstein's condition. One such bound is very close to the tail of the standard Gaussian law in certain case; other bounds improve the inequalities of Bennett and Hoeffding by adding missing factors in the spirit of Talagrand(1995). We also complete Talagrand's inequality by giving a lower bound of the same form, leading to an equality. As a consequence, we obtain large deviation expansions similar to those of Cram′er(1938),Bahadur-Rao(1960) and Sakhanenko(1991). We also show that our bound can be used to improve a recent inequality of Pinelis(2014).

Individual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive Chinese mitten crab （Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards, 1854） during initial invasion of Lake V^inern, Sweden

Understanding and predicting species range-expansions and biological invasions is an important challenge in modem ecology because of rapidly changing environments. Recent studies have revealed that consistent within-species variation in behavior （i.e. animal personality） can be imperative for dispersal success, a key stage in the invasion process. Here we investigate the composition and correlation of two important personality traits associated with invasion success, activity and boldness, and how they are connected to sex and individual size in a newly colonised population of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Lake Vanem, Sweden. We found no effect of sex or size on behavioral expressions orE. sinensis but a clear positive correlation between boldness and activity. In addition, this study generates important baseline data for monitoring behavioral develop ment, and thereby changing ecological impact, of an invading population over time. This has implications for predicting ecological effects of invasive species as well as for managing ecological invasions.

Variations in the medical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease among gastroenterologists

Background and aims:With expanding available treatment options and evolving understanding of the risks and benefits of medical therapies for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),there is the possibility of significant variations in treatment and outcomes.Little is known about the variation in treatment between IBD specialists and other gastroenterology(GI)physicians.Evaluating possible variations is an important first step to help address standardized care and optimize treatment.We studied the differences in use of biologics and immunomodulators in the management of IBD patients at a tertiary care hospital between IBD-trained physicians and other gastroenterologists.Methods:A total of 325 IBD patients were included in the analysis.Of these,216 patients received care with an IBD physician and 109 had other GI/non-IBD physicians as their main caregivers.Results:The unadjusted use of immunomodulators(35.6%vs 16.5%,p¼0.001),biologics(45.8%vs 22.9%,p¼0.001)and dual therapy(biologics and immunomodulator)(14.4%vs 3.7%,p¼0.001)was significantly higher in the IBD-physician group.These differences in therapy between the two groups remained after adjusting for patient and disease characteristics.Conclusion:There are significant variations in the treatment of patients with IBD by GI physicians.The use of biologics and immunomodulators is higher in GI physicians with dedicated IBD interest and training.