老年住院患者医院感染危险因素分析及其预防对策

医院感染是指医院获得性感染或发生医院中的一切感染。由于老年人身体各器官逐渐退行性变和功能减退,对疾病的易感性增强是医院感染的易感人群。医院感染不仅影响老年患者原发病的健康,增加住院时间和医疗费用,还是直接或间接的死亡原因。本文就老年住院患者感染特点、医院感染危险因素急性分析,并提出相应的预防对策。

X线与UCG对安置永久心脏起搏器术后病人随访观察的评价

目前,全世界每年约30万人新安置或替换起搏器,依靠起搏器维持生命的人已超过数百万人。安置永久起搏器患者的逐年增加,更显出术后随访工作的重要和艰巨。

老年恶性肿瘤放化疗后真菌感染临床分析

对42例真菌感染患者现状调查,对疑有真菌感染患者进行分泌物和体液的培养。结果:真菌感染占同期肿瘤科医院感染病例的11.67％,感染部位以口腔感染占首位,其次为肺部、肠道;真菌感染类型主要是白色念株菌感染、克柔念株菌感染等;感染发生与患者原发病、放疗、化疗及激素的应用、抗生素应用等有关。提示早期诊断。

Prealbumin is predictive for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients undergoing liver resection

AIM:To investigate the risk factors for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients with Child-Pugh class A liver function undergoing liver resection.METHODS:A total of 427 consecutive patients undergoing partial hepatectomy from October 2007 to April 2011 at a single center(Department of Hepatic SurgeryⅠ,Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital,Shanghai,China) were included in the study.All the patients had preoperative liver function of Child-Pugh class A and were diagnosed as having primary liver cancer by postoperative histopathology.Surgery was performed by the same team and hepatic resection was carried out by a clamp crushing method.A clamp/unclamp time of 15 min/5 min was adopted for hepatic inflow occlusion.Patients' records of demographic variables,intraoperative parameters,pathological findings and laboratory test results were reviewed.Postoperative liver insufficiency and failure were defined as prolonged hyperbilirubinemia unrelated to biliary obstruction or leak,clinically apparent ascites,prolonged coagulopathy requiring frozen fresh plasma,and/or hepatic encephalopathy.The incidence of postoperative liver insufficiency or liver failure was observed and the attributing risk factors were analyzed.A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the independent predictive factors.RESULTS:Among the 427 patients,there were 362 males and 65 females,with a mean age of 51.1 ± 10.4 years.Most patients(86.4%) had a background of viral hepatitis and 234(54.8%) patients had liver cirrhosis.Indications for partial hepatectomy included hepatocellular carcinoma(391 patients),intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(31 patients) and a combination of both(5 patients).Hepatic resections of ≤ 3 and ≥ 4 liver segments were performed in 358(83.8%) and 69(16.2%) patients,respectively.Seventeen(4.0%) patients developed liver insufficiency after hepatectomy,of whom 10 patients manifested as prolonged hyperbilirubinemia unrelated to biliary obstruction or leak,6 patients had clinically apparent ascites and prolonged coagulopathy,1 patient had hepatic encephalopathy and died on day 21 after surgery.On univariate analysis,age ≥ 60 years and prealbumin < 170 mg/dL were found to be significantly correlated with postoperative liver insufficiency(P = 0.045 and P = 0.009,respectively).There was no statistical difference in postoperative liver insufficiency between patients with or without hepatitis,liver cirrhosis and esophagogastric varices.Intraoperative parameters(type of resection,inflow blood occlusion time,blood loss and blood transfusion) and laboratory test results were not associated with postoperative liver insufficiency either.Age ≥ 60 years and prealbumin < 170 mg/dL were selected on multivariate analysis,and only prealbumin < 170 mg/dL remained predictive(hazard ratio,3.192;95%CI:1.185-8.601,P = 0.022).CONCLUSION:Prealbumin serum level is a predictive factor for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients with liver function of Child-Pugh class A undergoing hepatectomy.Since prealbumin is a good marker of nutritional status,the improved nutritional status may decrease the incidence of liver insufficiency.

Primary intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:A clinicopathologic analysis of 81 patients

AIM:To analyze the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis of primary intestinal lymphoma.METHODS:Patients were included in the study based on standard diagnostic criteria for primary gastrointesti-nal lymphoma,and were treated at Sun Yat-sen Univer-sity Cancer Centre between 1993 and 2008.RESULTS:The study comprised 81 adults.The most common site was the ileocaecal region.Twenty-two point two percent patients had low-grade B-cell lym-phoma.Fifty-one point nine percent patients had high-grade B-cell lymphoma and 25.9% patients had T-cell lymphoma.Most patients had localized disease.There were more patients and more early stage diseases in the latter period,and the origin sites changed.The ma-jority of patients received the combined treatment,andabout 20% patients only received nonsurgical therapy.The wverall survival and event-free survival rates after 5 years were 71.6% and 60.9% respectively.The mul-tivariate analysis revealed that small intestine and ileo-caecal region localization,B-cell phenotype,and normal lactate dehydrogenase were independent prognostic factors for better patient survival.Surgery based treat-ment did not improve the survival rate.CONCLUSION:Refined stratification of the patients according to the prognostic variables may allow indi-vidualized treatment.Conservative treatment may be an optimal therapeutic modality for selected patients.

Severe acute pancreatitis in the elderly: Etiology and clinical characteristics

AIM: To investigate the etiology and clinical characteristics of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in elderly patients (≥ 60 years of age). METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively all the SAP cases treated in Xuanwu Hospital in Beijing between 2000 and 2007. RESULTS: In 169 patients with SAP, 94 were elderly and 16 died. Biliary and idiopathic etiologies were the first two causes that accounted for over 90% of SAP in the elderly. Biliary, hyperlipemic and alcoholic etiologies were the first three causes in the young. The proportion of co- morbidity of cholelithiasis, biliary infection, hypertension and coronary heart disease in the aged was significantly higher than that in their young partners. The scores of APACHE Ⅱ and Ranson were also significantly higher in the elderly except the CT score. Organ failures were more common in the elderly, but the local pancreatic complications were not different between the two groups. Mortality of the aged was correlated with the severity of SAP, multiple co-morbidity and incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). MODS was the main cause of death. CONCLUSION: The etiology of SAP in the elderly is quite different from that in the young. Biliary and unknown factors are main causes in the aged. The elderly are subject to major organ failures but there is no difference in the occurrence of local pancreatic complications between the elderly and the young. It is crucial to monitor and improve the functions of major organs so as to prevent MODS in the aged with SAP.

静脉-动脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合三例经验分享并文献复习

体外膜肺氧合技术(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)逐步应用于急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),顽固性心源性休克(refractory cardiac arrest,RCA)和呼吸心搏骤停(cardiac arrest,CA)的救治。根据患者原发病及自身心肺功能的不同,ECMO治疗模式主要分为静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(V-AECMO)和静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(V-VECMO),但由于接受ECMO治疗的患者病情严重及复杂程度。