戴震对朴学思潮的独特贡献——兼论朴学正统形成过程中戴学对惠学的扬弃

惠栋与戴震是朴学峰峦上的两个巨人。前贤纵论伟业,"共推惠、戴",其实,戴震的贡献应在惠栋之上。戴震直面惠学之弊,能于纠偏颇、补漏失,具体体现在:变惠栋"唯求其古"的治学原则为"唯求其是";变惠栋尊汉信古的通经路线为"以小学为基,以典章为辅、治诸艺而会于经"的学术理路;同时把"明义理"纳入通经环节,使之与明古经、知故训连成严整的统合体,并由考据而推论义理疏失,补惠学之缺,创戴学之新,最终建立了朴学正统。而这恰恰是惠学所达不到的。难怪梁启超先生有言"苟无戴震,则清学能否卓然自树立,盖未可知也"。

惠栋情结与惠学接续——江藩《周易述补》论略

惠栋作《周易述》未竟而卒,江藩则继承惠栋《周易述》经解体例,疏释《鼎》至《未济》等十五卦与《序卦》《杂卦》二传,作《周易述补》。江藩《周易述补》一方面接续惠栋汉易学脉,强调易学象数的学术价值;另一方面顺应惠栋身后汉易学研究演进潮流,会通汉易诸家,更为突出虞翻义的地位。较之于惠栋,江藩建筑起更为森严的汉易体系,给予吴派汉、宋分离的明确学术宗旨。江藩《周易述补》的刊行,标志着吴派汉学进入又一个阶段。

语文课的“惠学”策略

现代教师的作用主要体现在以学生为中心，围绕学生的特点和需要，帮助学生学会探讨问题、解决问题，最后使学生达到有效学习。因此，教师应着力于“惠学”策略的探索。课前引导学生运用先学策略；课中在学习困顿处使用多维对话策略。为暴露问题时使用无疑之疑策略，相异构想处使用情理表态策略，兴致盎然时使用拓展阅读策略等。

Distinguishing between parenchymal and anastomotic leakage at duct-to-mucosa pancreatic reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM： To distinguish anastomotic from parenchymal leakage at duct-to-mucosa reconstruction of the pancreatic remnant. METHODS： We reviewed the charts of 68 pancreaticoduodenectomies performed between 5/2000 and 12/2005 with end-to-side duct-to-mucosa pancreatojejunostomy （PJ）. The results of pancreatography, as well as peripancreatic drain volumes, and amylase levels were analyzed. RESULTS： Of 68 pancreatojejunostomies, 48 had no leak by pancreatography and had low-drain amylase （normal）; eight had no pancreatographic leak but had elevated drain amylase （parenchymal leak）; and 12 had pancreatographic leak and elevated drain amylase （anastomotic leak）. Although drain volumes in the parenchymal leak group were significantly elevated at postoperative day （POD） 4, no difference was found at POD 7. Drain amylase level was not significantly different at POD 4. In contrast, at POD 7, the anastomotic-leak group had significantly elevated drain amylase level compared with normal and parenchymalleak groups （14158 ＋ 24083 IU/L vs 89 ＋ 139 IU/L and 1707 ＋ 1515 IU/L, respectively, P = 0.012）. CONCLUSION： For pancreatic remnant reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy, a combination of pancreatogram and peripancreatic drain amylase levels can be used to distinguish between parenchymal and anastomotic leakage at pancreatic remnant reconstruction.

Network Pharmacology-based Analysis on the Molecular Biological Mechanisms of Xin Hui Tong Formula in Coronary Heart Disease Treatment

Objective To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Xin Hui Tong Formula (XHTF) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Methods The targets network of CHD was constructed through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD) and Drugbank database;The XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-targets network and the XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-CHD targets network were explored by the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). And the multi-targets mechanism and molecular regulation network of XHTF in the treatment of CHD were explored from multiple perspectives by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathway enrichment analysis. Results A total of 88 CHD targets were screened out through the Therapeutic Targets and the Drugbank database. 393 compounds and corresponding 205 drug targets of XHTF were retrieved from TCMSP. A total of 13 known targets directly related to the development of CHD were retrieved from the disease-related databases: TP53, MAPK14, NFKB1, HSPA5, PLG, PTGS2, ADRB1, NOS2, CYP3A4, GRIA2, CYP2A6, GRIA1, PTGS1. XHTF also contained 118 drug targets that directly interact with CHD targets. GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of 13 direct targets proteins were found to be mainly enriched in response to drug, cellular response to biotic stimulus, long-chain fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process and regulation of blood pressure. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that XHTF participated in the CHD pathological process mainly through retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, cAMP signaling pathway, chemical carcinogenesis and other pathways. Conclusions XHTF plays a role in the treatment of CHD through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and provides a scientific basis for the theory of "virtual standard" in the treatment of CHD.

Numerical Study of Thermoelectric Generation within a Reciprocal Flow Porous Media Burner

A numerical study based on direct thermal to electric energy conversion was performed in a reciprocal flow porous media burner embedded with two layers of thermoelements. The burner lean combustibility limit was sought in order to maximize global efficiency of thermal to electrical energy conversion by minimizing fuel consumption. Once the pairs of operational variables, composition and filtrational velocity of gas inlet mixture were found, the optimal length and placement of thermoelectric elements within the reactor high thermal gradients were sought to maximize the electric current, thermoelements and system overall efficiency. A two temperature-resistance model for finite time thermodynamics was developed for the thermoelectric elements energy fluxes. Results indicate a distribution of current and efficiencies that presents a maximum at different themoelements length. Maximum values for current and system efficiency obtained were 44.3 m A and 2.5%, respectively.

MONITORING OF METACOGNITIVE STRATEGY TRAINING

The goal of education is to cultivate learner autonomy. Studies in metacognition suggest that the ideal way to accomplish this is through metacognitive strategy training. Research also indicates that effective training programs depend on monitoring. To cultivate self-regulation or learner autonomy, it is necessary to exert external monitoring at the beginning, and gradually reduce external supervision as the students become more autonomous. The present study argues for cooperative group learning and regular evaluation as the main monitoring strategies. A semester long study indicates that cooperative group learning, besides being valuable in cultivating social relationship, and fostering cooperation and learner autonomy, can also serve as a good monitoring strategy in metacognitive strategy training. Regular evaluation, when it is progress- oriented and learner-centered, and conducted at proper times, will also provide valuable information for students to check, evaluate and adjust their learning. Self-questioning sheets and learner portfolios are also useful techniques in monitoring students' learning.

The Belt and Road and the Rediscovery of Reciprocity-Based Anthropology

Reciprocity has core significance for understanding basic human living conditions:our social nature is founded on reciprocal relations,and reciprocity strengthens the ties between people.Reciprocity-based anthropology is a kind of cultural logic,one that stresses the interaction between different groups.Fundamentally,it involves studying forms of the mutually beneficial relations involved in complementary differences.This perspective reconciles differences,creating a communicative space for diverse cultures’coexistence,symbiosis and sharing.The various channels formed through human activity include ways in and ways out,constant incomings and outgoings,the coexistence of different cultures,ways of life and ideas,and complementarity.The launching of the Belt and Road Initiative includes channels with multiple characteristics and functions,so research on this topic involves the analysis of society and culture based on roadways rather than locations.

Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields in Multiscale Model

Modeling technique for electromagnetic fields excited by antennas is an important topic in computational electromagnetics, which is concerned with the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. In this paper, a novel hybrid technique that combines method of moments(MoM) with finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method is presented to handle the problem. This approach employed Huygen's principle to realize the hybridization of the two classical numerical algorithms. For wideband electromagnetic data, the interpolation scheme is used in the MoM based on the dyadic Green's function. On the other hand, with the help of equivalence principle, the scattered electric and magnetic fields on the Huygen's surface calculated by MoM are taken as the sources for FDTD. Therefore, the electromagnetic fields in the environment can be obtained by employing finite-difference time-domain method. Finally, numerical results show the validity of the proposed technique by analyzing two canonical samples.