The geographical location makes the port of Livorno one of the most important in Italy. The port, in fact, benefits of an extended network of roads and rails connecting it with the rest of Italy, and central and south...The geographical location makes the port of Livorno one of the most important in Italy. The port, in fact, benefits of an extended network of roads and rails connecting it with the rest of Italy, and central and southern Europe as well. The history of Livorno and its port is inextricably linked to that of Pisa and Florence, and to the complexity of events that determined the political set-up of the region along several centuries. Looking at the new port plan of Livorno has made it necessary an extensive overview of the history of both the port, and of its planning. This analysis has allowed： to understand the reason for the different choices made in the past for the development of the port, highlighting, when necessary, the errors made; to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing port infrastructure; to identify the works needed to boost the port in the European context. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the analysis performed for the implementation of the new Livorno port plan 2010 and show how the port planning in Italy is often conditioned by hundreds of centuries of history.展开更多
The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heri...The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heritage should be a topic of prevention. The research described in the paper presents a multi-approach procedure to address risk assessment of large-scale urban systems with the aim to contribute at the development of risk mitigation policies for historical centers buildings. The observation of the earthquakes effects in Italy clearly highlights the role of the high vulnerability of the existing building on the consequences in terms of casualties and damage, rather than the severity of seismic events, especially in historical contexts. Unlike the new buildings which should be planned and designed to respect seismic safety requirements, existing buildings require a careful safety assessment on the basis of their susceptibility to damage which depends on building techniques, past damage events, maintenance, changes, etc.展开更多
The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, clai...The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.展开更多
This paper is divided into two parts： a reflection about the diachronical and dialectical relationship between the ＂Art of Construction＂ and the ＂Building Science＂, in terms of capability to evaluate structural c...This paper is divided into two parts： a reflection about the diachronical and dialectical relationship between the ＂Art of Construction＂ and the ＂Building Science＂, in terms of capability to evaluate structural characteristics and conservative conditions of traditional buildings, especially for buildings of historical or artistic value, using a peculiar approach for planning modem construction （Building Science） or the ancient complex of rules and logics to which a specific building monumental pertains （Art of Construction）. The second part reports a case study of application of this second methodology of approach, concerning the St. Mary＇s Church of the Immaculate Conception of Montecalvario in Naples, an important monumental church situated into the historic centre of Naples, built between 1718 and 1726 by one of the greatest Italian architects of the XVIII century, Domenico Antonio Vaccaro. The building, that presents all the structural and lexical peculiarities of Neapolitan Baroque （central plan, altimetric development of concentric volumes, plastic virtuosity of structural and formal apparatuses）, finds in its formal conception and in its stylistic conception part of its structural vulnerabilities. The study examines the understanding of cracks affecting the Church, also in relation to around historic buildings, in order to determine a diagnosis and to understand how this condition of structural vulnerability could be combined with future seismic strain, having high local seismicity and damages suffered during the earthquakes of the last three centuries.展开更多
The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts deve...The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.展开更多
Emotions have long been considered by philosophers as a fundamental element to understand human thought and existence in general. This present study examines how Roberto Rossellini＇s early neorealist films, Rome, Ope...Emotions have long been considered by philosophers as a fundamental element to understand human thought and existence in general. This present study examines how Roberto Rossellini＇s early neorealist films, Rome, Open City （1945） and Paisan （1946）, utilize the emotion of compassion to examine the social and historical significance of women in the postwar Italy. Furthermore, it also focuses on the role of the female protagonists and the compassionate responses they suggest to clarify their position in society. In fact, by depicting the female protagonists as modest dissenter that attempt to perform traditional domestic roles, the director proposes a unique perspective on the conditions and social involvement of women in Italy during that time. Additionally, this study will propose interesting observations on the emotion of compassion itself, and its mechanisms that produce an image of idealized womanhood.展开更多
A collecting expedition has been carried out in the central part of Calabria region, south Italy; it has been concentrated on Reventino, Serre, Occitan and Albanian areas that were covered in certain coinciding sites ...A collecting expedition has been carried out in the central part of Calabria region, south Italy; it has been concentrated on Reventino, Serre, Occitan and Albanian areas that were covered in certain coinciding sites in the past. In totality, 50 accessions belonging to 14 taxa were collected from 8 collecting sites, representing mainly highly variable old landraces of vegetables and cereals and, especially, of pulses; most of them that appear severely threatened by genetic erosion are still cultivated, at certain level, by old farmers and directly used by their families. A comparison of the results of the previous missions that have been carried out in Calabria region that preserve valuable crop genetic resources on farm shows the large degree of genetic erosion for all crops collected. The results stressed the need to conserve a considerable amount of material endangered and the necessity of our ongoing care for their preservation either on farms or ex situ in genebanks. The complementarity of both conservation methods is needed.展开更多
The paper situates itself within a Ph.D. research investigating the relationship between food cultural habits and the built environment, aiming to understand how thinking on sustainable food production and distributio...The paper situates itself within a Ph.D. research investigating the relationship between food cultural habits and the built environment, aiming to understand how thinking on sustainable food production and distribution can help deal in a new way with urban sustainability by considering the cultural principles connected to the Slow Food philosophy. The paper investigates the activities of a small group of Italian wine producers and farmers within the agricultural landscape around Piacenza, and the way they influence the transformation of local urban and rural environments through either the application of the principles promoted by the Slow Food organization, or the creation of alternative “unofficial” strategies. Through the analysis of documents relating to the past and present history of the agricultural territory around Piacenza and its material culture, the presented study aims to understand how historically consolidated contexts are physically transformed through food culture. Considering historical and economic works on the Italian agricultural landscape, the paper stresses the dichotomy between consolidated cultural practices acting on a historically traditional landscape, and the innovation coming from the subversion of those practices, by visualizing them through a qualitative-quantitative gastronomic map of the local territory.展开更多
文摘The geographical location makes the port of Livorno one of the most important in Italy. The port, in fact, benefits of an extended network of roads and rails connecting it with the rest of Italy, and central and southern Europe as well. The history of Livorno and its port is inextricably linked to that of Pisa and Florence, and to the complexity of events that determined the political set-up of the region along several centuries. Looking at the new port plan of Livorno has made it necessary an extensive overview of the history of both the port, and of its planning. This analysis has allowed： to understand the reason for the different choices made in the past for the development of the port, highlighting, when necessary, the errors made; to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing port infrastructure; to identify the works needed to boost the port in the European context. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the analysis performed for the implementation of the new Livorno port plan 2010 and show how the port planning in Italy is often conditioned by hundreds of centuries of history.
文摘The preservation of historical and cultural heritage from seismic risk is a question of interest in Italy. However, too little has been done to deal with this problem. First of all, the seismic safety of cultural heritage should be a topic of prevention. The research described in the paper presents a multi-approach procedure to address risk assessment of large-scale urban systems with the aim to contribute at the development of risk mitigation policies for historical centers buildings. The observation of the earthquakes effects in Italy clearly highlights the role of the high vulnerability of the existing building on the consequences in terms of casualties and damage, rather than the severity of seismic events, especially in historical contexts. Unlike the new buildings which should be planned and designed to respect seismic safety requirements, existing buildings require a careful safety assessment on the basis of their susceptibility to damage which depends on building techniques, past damage events, maintenance, changes, etc.
文摘The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.
文摘This paper is divided into two parts： a reflection about the diachronical and dialectical relationship between the ＂Art of Construction＂ and the ＂Building Science＂, in terms of capability to evaluate structural characteristics and conservative conditions of traditional buildings, especially for buildings of historical or artistic value, using a peculiar approach for planning modem construction （Building Science） or the ancient complex of rules and logics to which a specific building monumental pertains （Art of Construction）. The second part reports a case study of application of this second methodology of approach, concerning the St. Mary＇s Church of the Immaculate Conception of Montecalvario in Naples, an important monumental church situated into the historic centre of Naples, built between 1718 and 1726 by one of the greatest Italian architects of the XVIII century, Domenico Antonio Vaccaro. The building, that presents all the structural and lexical peculiarities of Neapolitan Baroque （central plan, altimetric development of concentric volumes, plastic virtuosity of structural and formal apparatuses）, finds in its formal conception and in its stylistic conception part of its structural vulnerabilities. The study examines the understanding of cracks affecting the Church, also in relation to around historic buildings, in order to determine a diagnosis and to understand how this condition of structural vulnerability could be combined with future seismic strain, having high local seismicity and damages suffered during the earthquakes of the last three centuries.
文摘The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.
文摘Emotions have long been considered by philosophers as a fundamental element to understand human thought and existence in general. This present study examines how Roberto Rossellini＇s early neorealist films, Rome, Open City （1945） and Paisan （1946）, utilize the emotion of compassion to examine the social and historical significance of women in the postwar Italy. Furthermore, it also focuses on the role of the female protagonists and the compassionate responses they suggest to clarify their position in society. In fact, by depicting the female protagonists as modest dissenter that attempt to perform traditional domestic roles, the director proposes a unique perspective on the conditions and social involvement of women in Italy during that time. Additionally, this study will propose interesting observations on the emotion of compassion itself, and its mechanisms that produce an image of idealized womanhood.
文摘A collecting expedition has been carried out in the central part of Calabria region, south Italy; it has been concentrated on Reventino, Serre, Occitan and Albanian areas that were covered in certain coinciding sites in the past. In totality, 50 accessions belonging to 14 taxa were collected from 8 collecting sites, representing mainly highly variable old landraces of vegetables and cereals and, especially, of pulses; most of them that appear severely threatened by genetic erosion are still cultivated, at certain level, by old farmers and directly used by their families. A comparison of the results of the previous missions that have been carried out in Calabria region that preserve valuable crop genetic resources on farm shows the large degree of genetic erosion for all crops collected. The results stressed the need to conserve a considerable amount of material endangered and the necessity of our ongoing care for their preservation either on farms or ex situ in genebanks. The complementarity of both conservation methods is needed.
文摘The paper situates itself within a Ph.D. research investigating the relationship between food cultural habits and the built environment, aiming to understand how thinking on sustainable food production and distribution can help deal in a new way with urban sustainability by considering the cultural principles connected to the Slow Food philosophy. The paper investigates the activities of a small group of Italian wine producers and farmers within the agricultural landscape around Piacenza, and the way they influence the transformation of local urban and rural environments through either the application of the principles promoted by the Slow Food organization, or the creation of alternative “unofficial” strategies. Through the analysis of documents relating to the past and present history of the agricultural territory around Piacenza and its material culture, the presented study aims to understand how historically consolidated contexts are physically transformed through food culture. Considering historical and economic works on the Italian agricultural landscape, the paper stresses the dichotomy between consolidated cultural practices acting on a historically traditional landscape, and the innovation coming from the subversion of those practices, by visualizing them through a qualitative-quantitative gastronomic map of the local territory.
