意大利国铁制订五年发展计划

意大利的铁路网总营业里程约有16，000多公里。拥有各种类型的机车4，200台，货车12.47万辆，客车1.25万辆。铁路运输承担着各种运输总货运量的30％。因为大部分是单线，所以运输非常紧张，也常常发生撞车事故，致使线路的维修和养护工作复杂化起来。

“法治国”在意大利：涵义、类型与危机

意大利理论界对于法治国的涵义并没有完全一致的认识,学者们从不同角度对法治国进行研究。一般将法治国分为两种类型,即形式意义上的法治国与实质意义的法治国。前者被称为法律国,法律至上,国家的一切行为形式上都要符合法律,但立法本身不受限制;后者被称为宪政国,公权力在形式与内容方面都要受到约束与限制,所有公权力包括立法权都要遵守宪法所规定的基本原则。法律国中,法与正义相分离;宪政国中,法与正义在实质层面又相互联系。随着"社会国"的出现及全球化的发展,法治国面临着危机。

2005威尼斯第51届艺术双年展

2005年6月12日,第51届威尼斯双年展再次创造了自己的历史,首次邀请两位来自西班牙的女性策展人——玛利亚·德·柯芮尔(Maria de Corral)与罗塞·玛汀妮兹(Rosa Martinez)担任整体策划工作。在位于绿园城堡(Giardini)的意大利国家馆内,柯芮尔所策划的《艺术经验》(The Experienceof Art)主题以34个展览厅,由42位艺术家的作品来阐述策展人所关注的论点;玛汀妮兹则以《行道无涯》(Always A Little Further)在威尼斯军火库展区(Venice Arsenale)开始了她的策划主题。这里,我们将从视觉的角度,和大家共同审视一下部分被认为值得关注的作品。

An Analysis of Chinese Acquisitions of Made in Italy Firms in the Luxury Sector

Outward Foreign Direct Investment （OFDI） from emerging economies has begun to increase significantly and has been growing at a faster pace than Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） from the developed world. This research seeks to assess the impact of Chinese acquisitions and their implications for the ＂Made in Italy＂ luxury sector and its firms. This paper presents a cross-case analysis of two Chinese acquisitions in order to provide some in-depth insights into the influences and the motives driving Chinese firms to invest in the luxury Made in Italy sector, the patterns and modes of the Chinese acquisitions as well as the competitive strategies and the distinctive challenges that both investors and acquired firms have to face. From the findings, it emerges that both the investor and the acquired firm need to overcome several key challenges to be mutual benefits from the acquisition.

Model of Wetland Carbon Sequestration in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy

This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change） criteria, this can be considered relevant to the international standard for the voluntary evaluation of carbon credits on the basis of Annex a of Kyoto Protocol. To identify the ＂Valle da pesca＂ brackish lagoon properties regulating the carbon dioxide （CO2）, a survey has been performed during three seasons in one year and in four different locations. These places are located in the Italian Venetian Lagoon and in the Grado Lagoon in North Italy, Europe. To identify the CO2 sink capacity, a special index is calculated. The CO2 concentrations and sink are regulated by the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic activities, and the sediment anoxic denitrification and macro algae are crucial tank of CO2 in the valley shallow waters. The ponds potential-CO2 yield of 80-124 kg/m2 per year and the value are related and proportional to the correct human environmental control （water flux control）.

Return threshold model analysis of two stock markets： Evidence study of Italy and Germany＇s stock returns

This paper discusses the model construction and the association between the Italy and the Germany＇s stock markets. The period of study data is from January 3, 2000 to June 30, 2008. This paper also utilizes Student＇s t distribution to analyze the proposed model. The empirical results show that the two stock markets are mutually affected each other, and the dynamic conditional correlation （DCC） and the bivariate asymmetric-GARCH （1, 2） model is appropriate in evaluating the relation between them. The empirical result also indicates that Italy and Germany＇s stock markets show a positive relationship. The average value of correlation coefficient equals to 0.8424, which implies that the two stock markets return volatility have a synchronized influence on each other. In addition, the empirical result also shows that there is an asymmetrical effect between Italy and the Germany＇s stock markets, and demonstrates that the good news and bad news of the stock returns＇ volatility will produce the different variation risks for Italy and the Germany＇s stock price markets.

Comprehensive Income （CI） Statement＇s Compliance With International Accounting Standard （IAS） 1 （Revised 2007 and 2011）： Evidence From Italian Listed Corporate Groups

The move towards international harmonization of accounting standards has dominated the work program of International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） in the past years. This paper aims to verify the compliance of the comprehensive income （CI） statement format with International Accounting Standard （IAS） 1-presentation of financial statements, which was revised in 2007. The changes introduced by the 2011 revision are also taken into account. For this purpose, this study analyzes the final annual financial statements approved in 2011 by the Italian companies whose shares belonged to the Italia Star segment of Financial Times and Stock Exchange （FTSE）. Given that IAS 1 provides little specific guidance about the presentation of line items and permits many alternative types of format, this paper focuses on information organization in the statement of CI in order to analyze the degree of heterogeneity of financial information. For achieving this goal, this study considers the following issues： （1） presentation of all items of income and expense in an overall statement or in two separate statements; （2） a detailed level of the content in terms of number of items between revenue and net income （NI）; （3） classification of expenses either by nature or by function; （4） number and type of intermediate margins; and （5） presentation of items of other comprehensive income （OCI） either before tax or net of tax. The results show some clear evidences. On the one hand, there is a high diversity in accounting practices, which makes it difficult for users to compare financial information across entities, highlighting the need to complete the joint project of the standards setters （IASB and Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB）） on financial statement presentation. On the other hand, some alternative types of presentation （e.g., the tendency to split the CI statement into two statements rather than using an integrated solution, the prevalence to disaggregate the expenses by nature, etc.） are used by most of the entities of the sample possibly because of the influence of Italian accounting culture.

Sport, Democracy, and the Americanization of Italian Americans

More than 4,000,000 immigrants traveled from Italy to the United States between 1880 and 1924. Most were peasants, largely illiterate, and with no sense of an Italian identity as their ancestral home had only been liberated from centuries of foreign rule in 1861. This study utilizes primary and secondary documents, as well as archival sources and interviews to determine the role of sport in the transition to an Italian identity, and then an American identity within the assimilation process. Second generation youth adopted American sport forms, and some became national heroes in contrast to the stereotype of Italian gangsters. By the 1950s Italians had become icons of popular culture, yet negative stereotypes persisted and assimilation remained fragmented.

The Impact of International Accounting Standards Board （IASB）＇s Guidelines for Preparing Management Commentary （MC）： Evidence From Italian Listed Firms

This paper investigates the Italian firms＇ disclosure in response to the new guidance on the management commentary （MC） contained in the International Financial Reporting Standard （IFRS） practice statement issued by International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） in 2010. The study is organized as follows. After reviewing the relevant literature on financial disclosure and MC, this paper examines the content of the Italian management＇s report-----known as ＂Relazione sulla Gestione＂ and that of the recent IASB＇s IFRS practice statement. Hence, it applies a self-constructed disclosure index and a multiple correspondence analysis （MCA） on MC of a sample of 66 Italian non-financial listed firms. The results show that the level of disclosures provided by the Italian listed firms does not seem to be affected by the IASB＇s guidelines. However, the survey highlights large differences in the level and type of disclosure provided in MC among the sectors and firms. This paper aims to contribute to the financial reporting debate by understanding the IASB＇s guidelines and their impacts on the voluntary disclosure practices of Italian listed firms.

The Crisis of the ＂First Republic＂ in the Lyrics of Italian Singers-Songwriters

In the mid- 1980s, in Italy the first symptoms of a crisis in the traditional party system, later known as the prima repubblica or ＂first republic＂, began to emerge. The ＂Tangentopoli＂ scandal was still to come, but the seed of anti-politics started to grow in collective mentality. Italian singers-songwriters, the so-called ＂cantautori＂ （a portmanteau of cantare, to sing, and autori, authors）, were interested in these developments; their songs commented on elements that played a crucial role, few years later, in the irreversible crisis of the ＂prima repubblica＂： the overwhelming power of political parties, the ＂consociativismo＂ （secret power agreements between the government and the opposition）, the corruption, the growing and pervasive role of mass media Through the songs of singers-songwriters, the present essay traces the season of the scandal of ＂Tangentopoli＂, stopping at 1994, the year of the victory of＂Forza Italia＂, the new political party founded by Silvio Berlusconi

Dusk of the ＂Sole deli＇Avvenire＂ for Labour Party？ Italian Ambassador Tommaso Gallarati Scotti Face to British Elections of October 1951

General elections held in October 1951 can be considered as a milestone in British political history, and from an international point of view, the return to power of Conservatives after the defeats of 1945 and 1950 represents an event of considerable relevance. Based on Italian archival sources, this paper analyses Tommaso Gallarati Scotti＇s （Italian ambassador to the UK） view during the electoral campaign, as a part of a diplomatic action aimed at resuming the traditional Anglo-Italian friendship brutally interrupted on June 10, 1940, at the time of fascist ＂stab in the back＂： a hard task to accomplish, even after the resumption of full diplomatic relations between Rome and London, in 1947.

Magical, Ambiguous and Salacious： Naples in the English Travel Memoirs （1816-1841）

Through an analysis of the accounts of English travellers in Naples between 1816 and 1841, the objective of this paper is to attempt to identify an image of the city and its inhabitants without following the direction of the usual negative stereotypes common to much of the literature associated with the ＂Grand Tourist＂, a literature to which scholars and readers from the 16th to the 19th century were used. The research also aims to demonstrate through previously unknown and unheeded sources that there were not only those English travellers on their Grand Tour of the post-Restoration Bourbon Mezzogiorno （southern Italy） looking for an opportunity of comparing their own civilization （which was considered far superior） to a more fragile reality. There were also other British people who had identified, with a critical eye and spirit of observation, the existence of a Naples and a south Italy which did not merely represent the sum of stereotypes and fallacies handed down through the centuries, and thus refusing the obvious, predictable and false approach given by their own countrymen.

Examples of National and Transnational Cinema： Akira Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo and Sergio Leone＇s A Fistful of Dollars

The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.

Identity and Loyalty： Catch-22 and The English Patient1

The films Catch-22 （1970） and The English Patient （1996） are based on literary novels, and set in the specific time and place of World War II Italy. Each work uses the topic of the war to raise the issues of identity and loyalty that loom large during wartime, when nations place huge demands on their people. Both works explore these issues as relevant to their own time. In the 1960s, Catch-22 elevates loyalty to self as a value and challenges the dehumanizing conformity demanded by the bureaucratic states of the postwar world. Twenty-six years later, The English Patient honors loyalty to people rather than to nations. Both movies end in hope, with Yossarian＇s escape in Catch-22, and the end to the European war in The English Patient. This paper argues that Michael Ondaatje＇s novel, The English Patient, goes beyond the issues of identity and loyalty and the hopeful Hollywood ending as seen in the movies. By giving Kip＇s and Hana＇s points of view, which were not shown in the film--the view of a brown man in a world controlled by whites and of a woman who understands the horrors of the atomic bomb--Ondaatje offers the possibilities of a new sense of identity and loyalty, one more in tune with issues of a post-colonial 21 st century world

Chinese banking system： Peculiarities in a comparison with Italian case

The analysis of principal data on Chinese banks highlights how they are exposed to credit risk, primarily generated from loans to public companies. Chinese banks have a good capital provision; The analysis of economic data describes a system oriented towards relationship lending; The average profitability per employee shows wide margins of improvement in terms of efficiency and technological equipment. The comparison with the case of Italy, which like China can be considered an economy heavily oriented to banking intermediation, it is useful to highlight some peculiarities of the Chinese banking system.

Preliminary Considerations About the Transposition of Directive 2013/34/EU Into Italian Accounting System

With the Directive No. 2013/34/EU dated June 26, 2013, the Parliament and the European Council have decreed a new era for the financial statements of companies in the EU member countries. The introduction of the new directive aims to improve the coverage information of the accounting document and to begin a process of simplification of administrative burdens and standards for the preparation and publication of the financial statements. In Italy, the directive must be transposed by July 20, 2015 for which the associations of accountants are evaluating the specific contents of the new rules to make applications for Italian companies. Some of the new rules and above all part of the new structures of the schemes of the financial statements are quite different from the approaches currently in use for which very heated discussions are taking place.

Juridical Status and Rights of Irregular Migrants in Brazil and Italy： An International Comparative Perspective

The aim of this paper is to analyse the legal status of irregular migrants, both in Brazil and in Italy, from a comparative law perspective. Irregular migration has always been a sensitive issue in Italian politics and is going to be a core-issue in a time of economic crisis, while in Brazil the current wave of international migration is regarded as a new phenomenon, resulting from the recent economic growth. From a legal standpoint, this study provides an analysis of both national legal order and the jurisprudential trends issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights （IACtHR） and the European Court of Human Rights （ECtHR）, specifically underlining the judicial borrowing and interaction between the two courts.

What Do Social Workers Think About Unaccompanied Foreign Minors＇ Family Fostering in Italy

In Italy, the unaccompanied foreign minors are a growing and heterogeneous group with ever changing origins, trajectories, and features. In November 2015, they were 10,952. This research focuses on their foster care and examines the point of view of social workers that have theoretical competences and fieldwork. The main objective of this paper is to present operational recommendations concerning the definition and organization of this instrument, starting from social workers＇ direct experiences. Main results： A friendly familiar setting is useful to overcome loneliness and social isolation coming from a new and unknown realiW during adolescence and permit a better social, school, and professional integration for the minor compared with residential care. For a successful outcome, the strengths consist in： The young migrant must not have behavioral nor psychiatric disorders and must be willing to integrate himself into a new family, recognize adult authoriW and share his life plan with family＇s adults; training all foster families included omo-cultural ones; the birth family involvement in the foster care＇s project. The ascertained criticalities concern on the low number of available families, the lack of standard operating procedures, guidelines, research, and literature on the topic.

The Archaeologic Map and GIS in Ancient Topography Researches： The ＂Carta Archeologica d＇ltalia--Forma Italiae＂ Project

This paper presents the research method applied to the ＂Archaeological Map of Italy--Forma Italiae＂ project, comprising to date the Ager Venusinus project （completed） and the Ager Lucerinus project （ongoing）. The idea of an Archaeological Map of Italy dates back to 1889 when by Royal degree the ＂Bureau for an Archeological Map of Italy＂ was created. Many decades later, with the advent of information technology and satellite observing systems （GPS） a ＂new era＂ of archaeological mapping began and the ＂Forma ltaliae＂, thanks to these technological developments, began to develop the first Territorial Information System of archaeological matter in Italy. Between 1989 and 1992, studies and experiments were carried out on automatic systems for the acquisition, calculation and management of archaeological data relating to the Carta Archeologica d＇Italia （Forma Italiae）. Our project sought to put together many experiences, including some from the past, as part of a ministerial initiative resulting in the establishment of a committee; furthermore, it sought to extend the discussion that for many years concerned primarily academic institutions to the sectors dealing with protection and archeological prevention. Though it has been designed for prevention and protection, it simultaneously serves as the basic instrument for understanding and enhancement of the cultural resources of the territory. In discussions about preventive archaeology and about the so-called ＂archaeological risk＂, it is very useful to create a databank of the known archaeological heritage. For this purpose, a computerized system for data management was used, composed of a GIS platform associated with an alphanumeric archive and designed soon to become a web GIS.