河北博物院藏鼻烟壶赏析

鼻烟壶是盛放鼻烟的容器。它的出现完全赖于鼻烟在中国的流行。赵之谦《勇庐闲话》云:“鼻烟来自大西洋意大里亚国。明万历九年,利玛窦汎海入广东,旋至京师献方物,始通中国。”由于传说鼻烟可以明目、提神,且有辟疫之功,所以至清代初期,中国人吸鼻烟已经较为普遍,盛装鼻烟的鼻烟壶的制作也随之进入了繁荣时期。

Carlo Bavagnoli＇s and Mario Dondero＇s Photojournalism in the Neorealist Italy in the Post-second World War （1950-1959）＂ An Uncensored Gaze

The article describes the activity of two Italian photographers： Carlo Bavagnoli （1932） and Mario Dondero （1928） In particular, it focuses on their debuts in the world of photojournalism in Italy since the early 1950s. First, it offers an overview of the national photographic research in the post-Second World War, underlining a significant evolution compared with the past and the complexity of the directions undertaken. Then, in the outlined context, it studies the work of the two photographers and their approach to a socially active photography, dwelling mainly on the relationships interwoven with the ruling publishing system. It also underlines the elements characterizing the nature of their reportages and the distance from an idea of image exploitation, derived from an always increasing interference of the political control over the images destined to mass communication. Both Dondero and Bavagnoli avoid any tendency to spectacularization and to the representative models typical of the common neorealist orientation, proposing an information founded on the effectiveness of narration, on the concreteness and immediacy of evidence; the first collaborations with the most progressive magazines testify the peculiarity of a method that both will coherently develop in the experiences matured outside the Italian context.

Religious and Cultural Significance of the Citron （Citrus medica L. ＇Diamante＇） from Calabria （South Italy）： A Biblical Fruit of the Mediterranean Land

The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by which it was brought from its country of origin to the Mediterranean basin where it is cultivated in Corsica, Crete and in southern Italy （Calabria region）. In particulary, Citrus medica ＇Diamante＇ grows, almost exclusively, in a restricted area of the Tyrrhenian cost of the region Calabria, called ＂Riviera dei Cedri＂, a relevant local economic district. This citron has been and is, still being used by Jews for worship during the Feast of Tabernacles, a very important religious ritual, where it plays a prominent part; in fact, for this holiday of Sukkot, the use of the authentic citron that grows in Calabria region is recommended, because it is not grafted. In this paper, the fascinating history of C. medica and its spread from the centers of origin to the Mediterranean is reported with the aim to investigate the religious and cultural significance of the C. medica ＇Diamante＇, an exclusive and historical heritage of the Calabria region.

Spanish Last Names in the Naples Periphery

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in turn, the history of people＇s last names. At first, some of the Spanish last names were used as nicknames for Italians. The method 1 used to get the data from primary sources was from spending time in Italy for four consecutive summers and visiting towns in the Naples area while I collected surnames found on houses. The Catalonians came to rule Sardinia, and their language and subsequently Spanish were official on the island. The linguistic influence of Spanish does not stop with surnames. A list of Spanish and Basque surnames which is redolent of the history of southern Italy and Sicily is appended. The geolinguistics interest lies in the way that the study of language, both ordinary words and proper nouns, offers important clues to the lives and movements of people of ages past, reflects political and economic aspects and also explains the ethnic origin of people who live in Sicily and Italy today or are descendants of Italians who have been important immigrants in the Americas, in Australia, and indeed around the world.

Management Guidelines for Calabrian Pine Reforestations Carried Out in Southern Italy in the 1950s-70s

After the Second World War of the past century in Italy extended plantations were carried out. In Southern Italy the Calabrian pine （Pinus laricio Poiret） has been the most used species, for its ability to take root in many difficult conditions. Currently the extension of this vegetation is about 36,000 hectares, in great part established in Calabria. They have reduced hydrogeological risks, they have carried out an important social role and have improved the landscape and the environment of huge hill and mountain territories. After the realization of these stands, no forest management has been made in order to define purposes and silvicultural operations. All stands are currently vulnerable in order to abiotic （fire, breakages） and biotic （Traumatocampa （--- Thaumetopoea） pityocampa （Denis ＆ Schiff.） and Heterobasidion annosum （Fr.） Bref.） agents. For the future, the silvicultural management of these stands will not be able to avoid planning choices, in order to improve the structural stability and the bioecological functionality and to consider the recent opportunities offered from the agroenergetic field.

Examples of National and Transnational Cinema： Akira Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo and Sergio Leone＇s A Fistful of Dollars

The term transnational originated in the historical field when, in the late 1990s, lan Tyrrell wrote a seminal essay entitled ＂What is Transnational History？＂ and changed the course of the academic discipline, claiming that studying the history of a nation from inside its borders was outmoded because the study of history concerns the movements of peoples, ideas, technologies, and institutions across national boundaries. The study of cross-national influences and the focus on the relationship between nation and factors beyond the nation spilled over into many other fields, especially into cinematic studies. Today transnational refers to the impossibility of assigning a fixed national identity to much cinema, to the dissolution of any stable connection between film＇s place of production and the nationality of its makers and performers. Because there is a lot of critical debate about what constitutes national and transnational cinema, the study of international remakes is a promising method to map the field with some accuracy. This essay will analyze the journey from Hammett＇s novel to Kurosawa＇s film and then to Leone＇s western, and will demonstrate how the process of adaptation functions and what happens to a ＂text＂ when it becomes tmnsnational and polysemic. Because Leone is the creator of the Italian western, the one who initiated the cycle that was copied many times over for a decade, we must look at A Fistful of Dollars as a prototype, a movie that when dissected can shed light on the national-transnational dichotomy of the spaghetti western. However, before studying the prototype, we must look at the complex history of the origin of the first spaghetti western, taking into account that A Fistful of Dollars was ＂transcoded＂ by Leone from Kurosawa＇s Yojimbo （1961） that derived his script from Dashiell Hammett＇s RedHarvest （1929）.

Does Procambarus Clarkii （Girard, 1852） Represent a Threat for Estuarine Brackish Ecosystems of Northeastern Adriatic Coast （Italy）？

The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii in the aquatic environments of northern Italy, where it is very common and abundant in most of the streams, lakes and reservoirs, led us to worry about the possibility of invasion into the estuarine and lagoonal brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, which is important not only for their peculiar fauna and flora and high biodiversity, but also for fishing and aquaculture. We carried out laboratory tests to investigate whether this species could live, moult and breed in water with different salinity levels. Several stocks of adult individuals, acclimated before the laboratory experiments, were maintained and monitored daily for a long period （100 days） in glass aquaria with water salinity varying from 5 to 33 ppt. They not only survived during the whole experiment period in levels up to 25 ppt, but also they regularly moulted and mated. These results confirmed that the species could invade the estuarine and brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, with all the implied consequences for the native species of both vertebrates and invertebrates and for human livelihoods.

充满文雅清趣的清代鼻烟壶

一、鼻烟壶概述鼻烟壶——盛放鼻烟的容器。鼻烟壶的出现,则完全是有赖于鼻烟在中国的流行。它最早起源于明代晚期,盛行于清朝。并逐渐地从单纯的实用性转变为实用、艺术价值并重,成为匠心独运,集历代艺术精华于一器,汇多种工艺变化于一身的各式鼻烟壶,在清代大放异彩,闪耀后世。赵之谦《勇庐闲话》云:“鼻烟来自大西洋意大里亚国。明万历九年,利玛窦汎海入广东,旋至京师献方物,始通中国。”由于传说鼻烟可以明目、提神,且有辟疫之功,所以至清代初期,中国人吸鼻烟已经较为普遍,盛装鼻烟的鼻烟壶的制作随之也进入了繁荣时期。

忆张维华

在我所尊敬的年岁大于我的一辈学人中,张维华是常常思念不去心的一位。他曾多次诚恳地规劝我:治学不要老打游击,把摊子铺得太开。他认为我天赋不算太劣,但如果贪多骛得,东放几枪西放几枪,结果将一无所获。事情竞被他言中,因此在我提笔怀念他时,真是感激与愧疚交并,不胜欷歔的。我在解放前夕和他相识。