论意状

艺术原理中关于客体的论述,类似于一个哲学命题。艺术是靠意想来完成的,使原有之物发生质的变化。在意化状态下的客体就是意状。没有经过意化的自然物为自在实物,经过人工的为人造物,而经过意化的为艺术意状。语言、图画是进入意状的途径。所有文学艺术作品呈现给我们的都是意状。

Micromorphological Features of Diagnostic Horizons in Several soils in Southwest China: Implication for Soil Taxonomic Classification

The comparative studies on micromorphological features in diagnostic horizons of Stagnic Anthrosols, Ustic Ferrosols and Ustic Vertosols in southwestern China were conducted to underpin the rationale for Chinese Soil Taxonomy. The following findings were explored: (1) Stagnic Anthrosols had the specific micromorphological features, e.g., the humic formation in anthrostagnic epipedon, the platy structures in plow subhorizon, the secondary formation of ferromanganese and the weakly optical-orientation clay domains in hydragric horizon, etc.: (2) The groundmasses of ferric horizon in Ustic Ferrosols appeared in hue of 2.5YR or redder, and had pellicular grain structure; (3) Ustic Vertosols had a crust horizon (Acr), and crack structure dominated in Acr and angular blocky structure in disturbed horizon; (4) Because of the distinct differences in micromorphological features among these three soils, the specific micromorphological features might be employed as diagnostic horizons to differentiate soils while the quantifiable micromorphological features might potentially be selected as diagnostic indices for Chinese soil taxonomic classification.

Quadrature Element Vibration Analysis of Arbitrarily Shaped Membranes

The aim of the present study is to develop an efficient weak form quadrature element for free vibration analysis of arbitrarily shaped membranes.The arbitrarily shaped membrane is firstly mapped into a regular domain using blending functions,and the displacement in the element is assumed as the trigonometric functions.Explicit formulations are worked out for nodes of any type and a varying number of nodes.For verifications,results are compared with exact solutions and data obtained by other numerical methods.It is demonstrated that highly accurate frequencies can be obtained with a small number of nodes by present method.

Significance of the leaf epidermis fingerprint for taxonomy of Genus Rhododendron

Leaf epidermal fingerprints of six species of Rhododendron （ Rh. Aureaum, Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, Rh. Mucronulatum, Rh. Redowskianum, Rh. schlippenbachii） were observed by optical microscope with nail polish expression method in Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry Education China in Northeast Forestry University in 2004. The leaf morphological features including of stomata types, characters of guard cells, subsidiary cells in lower epidermis were observed. And ordinary cells （in shape and anticlinal walls feature） as well as the trichomes in both sides of the leaves are described in detail. The results showed that there were three types of stoma in six investigated Rhododendron species, from which Pericytic stomata type exists in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）, Anomocytic stomatal type in Rh. Redowskianum, Diacytic stomata type in Rh. aureaum and Rh. schlippenbachii. The subsidiary cells of the Pericytic and Diacytic stomata type are different in shape and surface feature between the species, respectively. The ordinary epidermal cells show a variety from quadrangular to hexagonal, polygonal or irregular in surface view, the anticlinal walls are straight or sinuose. Trichomes （gland scales） are present in the both of the leaf sides in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）. All of these detail leaf features show specific specificity of leave finger print for 6 rhododendrons.

SLCRM： Subjective Logic-Based Cross-Layer Reputation Mechanism for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks （WMNs） are vulnerable to various security threats because of their special infrastructure and communication mode, wherein insider attacks are the most challenging issue. To address this problem and protect innocent users from malicious attacks, it is important to encourage cooperation and deter malicious behaviors. Reputation systems constitute a major category of techniques used for managing trust in distributed networks, and they are effective in characterizing and quantifying a node＇s behavior for WMNs. However, conventional layered reputation mechanisms ignore several key factors of reputation in other layers; therefore, they cannot provide optimal performance and accurate malicious node identification and isolation for WMNs. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic reputation mechanism, SLCRM, which couples reputation systems with a cross-layer design and node-security-rating classification techniques to dynamically detect and restrict insider attacks. Simulation results show that in terms of network throughput, packet delivery ratio, malicious nodes＇ identification, and success rates, SI_CRM imple- ments security protection against insider attacks in a more dynamic, effective, and efficient manner than the subjective logic and uncertainty-based reputation model and the familiarity-based reputation model.

A DESCRIPTION METHOD FOR ARBITRARILY SHAPED AND SIZED GRANULES IN 2D IMAGE

An alternative method is proposed in this letter for describing the arbitrary shape and size for granules in 2D image.After image binarization, the edge points on contour are detected, by which the centroid of the shape in question is sought using the moment calculation.Using Principal Component Analysis(PCA), the major and minor diameters are computed.Based on the signature curve-fitting, the first-order derivative is taken so as to seek all the characteristic vertices.By connecting the vertices found, the simplified polygon is formed and utilized for shape and size descriptive purposes.The developed algorithm is run on two given real particle images, and the execution results indicate that the computed parameters can technically well describe the shape and size for the original particles, being able to provide a ready-to-use database for machine vision system to perform related data processing tasks.

Effective Anisotropic Dielectric Properties of Crystal Composites

Transformation fieM method （TFM） is developed to estimate the anisotropic dielectric properties of crystal composites having arbitrary shapes and dielectric properties of crystal inclusions, whose principal dielectric axis are different from those of anisotropic crystal matrix. The complicated boundary-value problem caused by inclusion shapes is circumvented by introducing a transformation electric field into the crystal composites regions, and the effective anisotropic dielectric responses are formulated in terms of the transformation field. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the effective anisotropie dielectric responses of crystal composites periodically vary as a function of the rotating angle between the principal dielectric axes of inclusion and matrix crystal materials. It is found that at larger inclusion volume fraction the inclusion shapes induce profound effect on the effective anisotropic dielectric responses.

Clinical significance of HBME-1,Galectin-3,and CK19 expression and the status of BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the clinical significance of the expression of proteins human bone marrow endothelial cell markers(HBME-1), Galectin-3, and cytokeratin19(CK19), as well as the status of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1(BRAF) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC). Methods Immunohistochemical staining was performed in 82 specimens each of PTC and papillary benign lesions to detect the expression of HBME-1, Galectin-3, and CK19. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and gene sequencing were performed on 60 specimens each of PTC and papillary benign lesions to detect the status of BRAF mutation. Results The positive expression ratios of HBME-1, Galectin-3, and CK19 in PTC were 98.8%, 97.6% and 100% respectively, which were significantly higher than the expressions in papillary benign lesions(P < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between the expression of these makers and the clinicopathological features of PTC. The sensitivity of co-expression of HBME-1 and CK19 or HBME-1 and Galectin-3 as diagnostic criteria of PTC was 99.9%, with a specificity of 95.4%. BRAF mutation was detected in 40 of 60 PTC(66.7%) specimens. There was a statistical difference in BRAF mutations between PTC and papillary benign lesions(P < 0.05); there were no associations between BRAF mutation and the clinicopathological features of PTC. Conclusion Combined immunohistochemical staining of HBME-1, Galectin-3, and CK19 can further improve the sensitivity and specificity of differential diagnosis of PTC. BRAF mutation is a significant genetic event, which may have diagnostic value for PTC.

Effects of die geometry on non-equal channel lateral extrusion(NECLE) of AZ80 magnesium alloy

Non-equal channel lateral extrusion（NECLE） is a new process that can be used to attain higher grain refinement in comparison with equal channel lateral extrusion（ECLE）. The die design for this process was numerically and experimentally studied. After finding a good correlation between the numerical and experimental results, more comprehensive FE analyses were carried out. Different die geometrical parameters were considered and their effects on the induced plastic strain, stress distribution, velocity field and forming load of the process were investigated. It was found that by this process with a suitable set of die geometrical parameters, higher induced effective strain and more homogeneous strain distribution could be achieved in comparison with ECLE operation.

Historical Tracing of the Development of the Concepts of ＂Competence＂ and ＂Performance＂

Competence and performance is an important pair of concepts in linguistics. Ever since their originality, they have aroused sufficient attention of the linguists. Many linguists have contributed a lot in their attempt to illustrate the concepts and clarification of them. A proper understanding of them can help the readers to gain more insight into the linguistics. What the linguist, Chomsky, originally meant by using competence and performance is somewhat different from what the current linguists mean by using them. The distance and distinction between competence and performance meant by Chomsky is also different from that meant by current linguists. That＇s to say there is some development of competence and performance since they were put forward. The shift is a gradual one, yet a very significant one. It reflects the linguists＇ effort to try to describe and categorize language learners＇ ability and their attempt to make use of them and measure them. This process actually narrows the distance and gap not only between theory and practice, but also between competence and performance. And at the same time, it reflects the linguists＇ frustration and confusion caused by the abstraction and complexity of them. By consulting the literature, the paper tries to follow their development step by step. The paper also points out some assumptions used by linguists when applying competence and performance. At the end of paper, it points out some implications to language teaching, which is important to language teachers and learners.

Phenomenal Consciousness, Self-Consciousness and Animal Suffering

In this article I will confront Antonio Damasio＇s theory （exposed in his last book Self Comes to Mind） with the criticism it received from Ned Block. The latter holds that Damasio does not distinguish the concepts of phenomenal consciousness and self-consciousness and this has two kinds of consequences. One is that it cannot satisfactorily explain certain mental states （dreams, vegetative states）; the other is that it has harmful consequences for animal ethics. I maintain that to compare the two theories we can only rely on our pre-theoretical intuition of consciousness. Thus, I argue that Dam^tsio＇s theory combines more with our intuitions. One of the reasons is that the cases that Block describes as phenomenal consciousness without access consciousness （and without self-consciousness） are best explained as being cases of mind without consciousness. Dam^sio＇s theory can also explain those referred cases which are theoretically problematic. Moreover, Dam^isio has a threshold model （an expression by Barry Dainton）, which is something that Block seems to ignore. This model fits well with the intuitions and neurological knowledge that we normally have on animal consciousness. Dam^isio＇s core self and his theory of emotions and feelings allow us to understand why we feel compassion for animals. Therefore, we are able to develop an animal ethics, which does not mean that we are required to do so. So even though Damasio does not solve the mystery of consciousness, he should not be the subject of Block＇s criticism.

Economic and Qualitative Traits of Italian Alps Saffron

Saffron, obtained from the flower stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is one of the most expensive food spices. The introduction of saffron in alpine areas could help to broaden and diversify the activities of mountain multifunctional farms, with a positive impact on economy and land management. According to ISO 3632(2010/2011), saffron can be classified into three categories of quality(I, II, III) depending on the concentration of the three main metabolites responsible for its characteristic colour, flavor and aroma: Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal. This study represents the first investigation of the quality of saffron produced in the Italian Alps evaluated with spectrophotometry, HPLC, solid-phase microextraction(SPME), and gas chromatographic analysis combined with mass spectrometry(GC/MS). The experiments used Crocus sativus stigmas produced in 2012-2013 in different areas of the Central Italian Alps were located at an altitude between 720 and 1200 m a.s.l.. Results obtained were compared to commercial saffron. The analyses confirmed that all samples can be classified in the first quality category according to the ISO classification. This high quality is also confirmed by HPLC analysis. Moreover, the SPME-GC/MS analysis identified some differences in the aromatic profile of saffron samples, in particular regarding safranal concentration. A preliminary assessment of the economic viability of high quality saffron production for local markets was also performed. Our study provides valid information regarding the quality and economic sustainability of saffron production in the alpine area confirming this crop as a good candidate for a new source of income for multifunctional farms in mountain areas.

The Role of Comprehensive Income as Financial Performance Predictor： Panel Evidence From Italy

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the comprehensive income （CI） and its individual components are useful in assessing the future cash flows for Italian listed companies. In addition, we verify whether the recent requirement of International Accounting Standard （IAS） 1 （r2011） of providing the other comprehensive income （OCI） separates in two sub-totals （recycling and non-recycling items groups） is useful to explain the expected cash flows. We consider a sample of 121 Italian non-financial companies listed on the Italian Stock Exchange for the testing period of 2008-2011, employing a fixed-effect regression model, and we test the relationship between the changes in the variables considered and not the relative absolute value reducing, in this way, the risk of not grasping a report if the independent variable and the response variable do not have the same sign. Our results stress that CI and the two new sub-aggregates are not relevant to explain future cash flows, while net income （NI） and OC1 as a whole seem to be more relevant to make explicit the future financial position. The study contributes, as a sort of post-implementation review, to the current debate on the ability of Cl to predict the future cash flows and on the real usefulness of the CI and the sub-aggregate identified by the IAS 1 revised as well.

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C and Its Clinical Significance in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C （VEGF-C） in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC）, and to clarify its role in lymphatic metastasis in ESCC patients.METHODS Esophageal carcinoma EC9706 cells and samples from 49 patients with primary ESCC were investigated by using S-P immunohistochemistry （IHC）, the semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and in situ hybridization （ISH） methods for VEGF-C expression. RESULTS VEGF-C positive expression was found in EC9706 cells through IHC, ISH and RT-PCR. Positive IHC for VEGF-C was observed in 36 of 49 cases of ESCC. There was a significant difference between the expression of VEGF-C in a lymph-node-positive group compared to a node-negative group （χ^2=4.7, P〈0.05）. Positive ISH for VEGF-C mRNA was observed in 23 of 49 cases of ESCC. There was a significant difference between the expression of VEGF-C in the lymph-node-positive group and node-negative group （χ^2=31.3, P〈0.01）. The expression of VEGF-C was significantly higher in the lymph-node-positive group compared to the node-negative group. Of 49 ESCC tissues, RT-PCR for VEGF-C mRNA was observed positively in 29 cases. There was a significant difference between the expression of VEGF-C in the lymph-node-positive group and node-negative group （χ^2=23.3, P〈0.01）. The expression of VEGF-C was significantly higher in the lymphnode-positive group compared to the node-negative group. Expressions of VEGF-C were not significantly associated with age, gender, and pathological grade. There was a relationship between VEGF-C mRNA expressions by RT-PCR and ISH （χ^2=18.5, P〈0.01） in ESCC cases, but with no significant difference between the two methods. CONCLUSION VEGF-C expression may induce lymphangiogenesis in human ESCC. There was a close correlation between VEGF-C expression and lymph node metastasis. VEGF-C can serve as a useful prognostic factor for ESCC patients.

Implications of a Crisis on Small Businesses in the European Union and Republic of Croatia

Until the early 1990s Croatia has been neglecting, and even underestimating the significance, the role, the needs, and the results of small businesses （small and medium entrepreneurship）. Complete attention was focused on big companies. Relatively late, in 2002, small businesses, within the statutory legislation, have gotten its appropriate legal status and economic relevance. Today it is treated as a ＂basic necessity＂ of every society and a generator of economic development. But, economic crisis that has been present since 2008 has manifested all of its negativities, which has reflected on the present state of the economy, the whole society, and it is also shown from the results and some relevant indicators.

Expressions and clinical significances of mannose-binding lectin(MBL) and MBL-associated serine protease 2(MASP-2) in patients with thyroid neoplasm

Objective： The aim of the study was to detect the levels of mannose-binding lectin （MBL）, MBL-associated serine protease 2 （MASP-2） and explore the clinical significances of them in patients with primary thyroid neoplasms. Methods： By using ELISA method, we detected the serum levels of MBL and MASP-2 in 26 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma （PTC）, 30 patients with thyroid adenoma （TA） and 26 healthy people, respectively. Results： Serum MBL level was （565.23 ± 76.70） μg/L in PTCs higher than （324.267 ±24.74） μg/L in TAs, and （152.69± 16.95） IJg/L in healthy of controlling group. There was statistical significance between PTC and TA （P 〈 0.05）, however there was no difference between TA and healthy （P 〉 0.05）. Serum MASP-2 level was （726.153± 78.88） pg/L in PTCs higher than （379.266 ± 30.26） μg/L in TAs, and （203.846 ± 29.09） μg/L in healthy. Serum MASP-2 level was higher in PTCs than TAs, and the difference had statistical significance （P 〈 0.01）. But no difference was observed between in TAs and healthy. Conclusion： These findings might reflect inflammatory processes induced by defense mechanisms, in response to the development of the turnout. MBL may also be involved in the elimination of possible tumourigenic pathogens.

Clinical significance of serum expression of GROβ in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM:To determine the association between serum levels of growth-related gene product β(GROβ) and clinical parameters in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).METHODS:Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,serum GROβ levels were measured in ESCC patients(n = 72) and healthy volunteers(n = 83).The association between serum levels of GROβ and clinical parameters of ESCC was analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The serum GROβ levels were much higher in ESCC patients than in healthy controls(median:645 ng/L vs 269 ng/L,P < 0.05).Serum GROβ levels were correlated positively with tumor size,lymph node metastasis,and tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) staging,but not with gender or the histological grade of tumors in ESCC patients.The sensitivity and specificity of the assay for serum GROβ were 73.61% and 56.63%,respectively.CONCLUSION:GROβ may function as an oncogene product and contribute to tumorigenesis and metastasis of ESCC.

Emergency contraception:What is new?

Unintended pregnancy rates remain high throughout the World and increase the risk of poor maternal and infant outcomes.Most of unintended pregnancies occur in women who were not using contraceptionor who became pregnant despite the reported use of contraception.Women who have had recent unprotected intercourse including those who have had another form of contraception fail are potential candidates for this intervention.Currently used em-ergency contraceptive methods are pills that contain combined estrogen-progesterone,only progestin,antiprogestins and copper intrauterine devices.The most common form of this type of contraception is oral progestin-only pills(levonorgestrel).The most effective method is copper intrauterine devices followed by anti-progestins and oral progestin-only pills.The major pathogenesis of oral emergency contraceptives is the prevention or delay of ovulation.Although conception is possible on only a few days of the cycle,emergency contraception is offered when indicated without regard to the timing of the menstrual cycle because of uncertainty in the timing of the ovulation.Levonorgestrel and E/P regimes are most effective as soon as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse.A linear relationship has been shown between ef-fectiveness and the time of dose.The effectiveness continues for 120 h,but it is recommended to be used within 72 h after intercourse.Intrauterine devices may prevent pregnancy when 5 d after ovulation.

Vasospastic angina with J waves formation in patients with sudden loss of consciousness

Vasospastic angina is caused by sudden occlusive vasoconstriction of a segment of an epicardial artery, which can present with a wide spectrum of clinical scenario. We report the cases of two patients diagnosed with vasospastic angina, with one of which presenting with sudden cardiac arrest, while the other presenting with a relatively benign syncope. But both of them have J waves formation on ECG during active ischemia. The diagnosis and management of vasospastic angina, as well as the proposed clinical significance of J waves during coro- nary soasm are discussed.

The clinical significance evaluation of serum β_2-microglobulin for thyroid cancer patients

Objective： The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value and relevance on the serum β2-microglobulin （β2-MG） of patients with thyroid cancer. Methods： One thousand and two normal cases, 95 thyroid cancer patients and 243 nodular goiter patients were selected to measure serum β2-MG levels using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results： The positive rate of 7.78% in normal population （78/1002） and 31.57% in thyroid cancer patients （30/95）. There were significant differences between the normal population and thyroid cancer patients （X2 = 55.352; P = 0.000）. The positive rate of 7.81% in nodular goiter patients （19/243） and there were no significant differences between the normal population and nodular goiter patients （X2 = 0.0004; P = 0.986）, but significant differences between nodular goiter patients and thyroid cancer patients （x2 = 31.106; P = 0.000）. Meanwhile, the significant difference of the positive rate existed in between the various pathological types of thyroid cancer （X2 = 10.015; P = 0.007）, anaplastic thyroid cancer patients with the highest positive rate and The significant difference was found between the positive lymph node metastasis groups and negative lymph node metastasis groups （x2 = 4.441; P = 0.035）, the presence of distant metastasis group and absence of distant metastasis group （X2 = 9.795; P = 0.002）. Conclusion： Serum β2-MG levels and prognosis of thyroid cancer patients was negatively correlated. It showed important clinical value to detect the level of β2-MG in the early diagnosis, prognosis and the clinical observation for thyroid cancer patients.