主观群体动力学模型(subjective group dynamics,SGD)探讨群际背景中个体的群体评价与群体成员评价的关系,针对群际偏见、分化评估和分化接纳意识(awareness of differential inclusion,ADI)三个核心变量间的关系及其影响因素,提出并验...主观群体动力学模型(subjective group dynamics,SGD)探讨群际背景中个体的群体评价与群体成员评价的关系,针对群际偏见、分化评估和分化接纳意识(awareness of differential inclusion,ADI)三个核心变量间的关系及其影响因素,提出并验证了一系列理论假设。SGD的理论基础包括社会认同理论、复杂性-极端性假设和态度极化模型、"白乌鸦效应"和个体对人知觉的发展。SGD模型的研究结果深化了群内偏好研究,支持了社会领域理论,并从群体机制角度为同伴拒斥研究提供了新思路,解释了群体同质性效应并修正了认知发展理论。该领域的发展需要从跨文化检验模型、完善模型结构、研究它与其他变量的关系等方面进行进一步探索。展开更多
AIM: The fears and concerns are associated with gastroscopy (EGD) decrease patient compliance. Conscious sedation (CS) and non-pharmacological interventions have been proposed to reduce anxiety and allow better execut...AIM: The fears and concerns are associated with gastroscopy (EGD) decrease patient compliance. Conscious sedation (CS) and non-pharmacological interventions have been proposed to reduce anxiety and allow better execution of EGD. The aim of this study was to assess whether CS, supplementary information with a videotape, or presence of a relative during the examination could improve the tolerance to EGD. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-six outpatients (pts), scheduled for a first-time non-emergency EGD were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Co-group (62 pts): throat anaesthesia only; Mi-group (52 pts): CS with i.v. midazolam; Re-group (58 pts): presence of a relative throughout the procedure; Vi-group (54 pts): additional information with a videotape. Anxiety was measured using the “Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Scales” The patients assessed the overall discomfort during the procedure on an 100-mm visual analogue scale, and their tolerance to EGD answering a questionnaire. The endoscopist evaluated the technical difficulty of the examination and the tolerance of the patients on an 100-mm visual analogue scale and answering a questionnaire. RESULTS: Pre-endoscopy anxiety levels were higher in the Mi-group than in the other groups (P<0.001). On the basis of the patients' evaluation, EGD was well tolerated by 80.7% of patients in Mi-group, 43.5% in Co-group, 58.6% in Regroup, and 50% in Vi-group (P<0.01). The discomfort caused by EGD, evaluated by either the endoscopist or the patients, was lower in Mi-group than in the other groups. The discomfort was correlated with “age” (P<0.001) and “groups of patients” (P<0.05) in the patients' evaluation, and with “gender” (females tolerated better than males, P<0.001) and “groups of patients” (P<0.05) in the endoscopist's evaluation. CONCLUSION: Conscious sedation can improve the tolerance to EGD. Male gender and young age are predictive factors of bad tolerance to the procedure.展开更多
This paper attempts to focus on Jorge Luis Borges’ short story The Gospel according To Mark. Borges, an Argentina short storywriter and translator, whose motherland is under long-term western colonization, identifi e...This paper attempts to focus on Jorge Luis Borges’ short story The Gospel according To Mark. Borges, an Argentina short storywriter and translator, whose motherland is under long-term western colonization, identifi es himself unconsciously with the western culture. Hisworks mostly touch upon the themes of religion and philosophy. Along with post-colonialism theory’s springing up, critics began to analyze hisworks from the post-colonial perspective. The author thinks that this short story with religious implication parallels to the cultural invasion in theperiod of colonization, from powerful culture to weaker one. The author, thus, aims to use Michael Foucault’s viewpoints concerning power andknowledge to probe into the western cultural hegemony and ideological invasion refl ected in this story. Besides, the loss and construction of theethnic identity of the colonized will be discussed in details.展开更多
The aim of this article is to analyze one of the most recognized in the Russian intellectual-cultural tradition and Russians＇ social self-consciousness ways of identification of the nature of Russianness and Russia--...The aim of this article is to analyze one of the most recognized in the Russian intellectual-cultural tradition and Russians＇ social self-consciousness ways of identification of the nature of Russianness and Russia--and comprehend it in the category of the ＂Russian Sphinx＂. The Russian thinkers and writers discussing the nature of Russia often return to the motif of Sphinx. Opposed to its ancient Greek archetype-counterpart, ＂the Russian Sphinx＂ does not have to resort to intricate questions--he is a riddle himself. As I show and explain, the livelihood and dissemination of the Russia-Sphinx motif in the homeland of Dostoyevski are not incidental. This motif is a synthetic medium of many archetypal contents, which accurately articulate a set of traditional intuitions and imaginations held by the Russians and concerning the alleged essence, nature, or depth of ＂Russianness＂. To conclude, I demonstrate the need to make the people comprehending Russia in a similar way aware that the accompanying, the particular--in its basic framework a priori assumed by them--image of the Russian reality is de facto a correlate of their subjective cognitive intention.展开更多
文摘主观群体动力学模型(subjective group dynamics,SGD)探讨群际背景中个体的群体评价与群体成员评价的关系,针对群际偏见、分化评估和分化接纳意识(awareness of differential inclusion,ADI)三个核心变量间的关系及其影响因素,提出并验证了一系列理论假设。SGD的理论基础包括社会认同理论、复杂性-极端性假设和态度极化模型、"白乌鸦效应"和个体对人知觉的发展。SGD模型的研究结果深化了群内偏好研究,支持了社会领域理论,并从群体机制角度为同伴拒斥研究提供了新思路,解释了群体同质性效应并修正了认知发展理论。该领域的发展需要从跨文化检验模型、完善模型结构、研究它与其他变量的关系等方面进行进一步探索。
文摘AIM: The fears and concerns are associated with gastroscopy (EGD) decrease patient compliance. Conscious sedation (CS) and non-pharmacological interventions have been proposed to reduce anxiety and allow better execution of EGD. The aim of this study was to assess whether CS, supplementary information with a videotape, or presence of a relative during the examination could improve the tolerance to EGD. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-six outpatients (pts), scheduled for a first-time non-emergency EGD were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Co-group (62 pts): throat anaesthesia only; Mi-group (52 pts): CS with i.v. midazolam; Re-group (58 pts): presence of a relative throughout the procedure; Vi-group (54 pts): additional information with a videotape. Anxiety was measured using the “Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Scales” The patients assessed the overall discomfort during the procedure on an 100-mm visual analogue scale, and their tolerance to EGD answering a questionnaire. The endoscopist evaluated the technical difficulty of the examination and the tolerance of the patients on an 100-mm visual analogue scale and answering a questionnaire. RESULTS: Pre-endoscopy anxiety levels were higher in the Mi-group than in the other groups (P<0.001). On the basis of the patients' evaluation, EGD was well tolerated by 80.7% of patients in Mi-group, 43.5% in Co-group, 58.6% in Regroup, and 50% in Vi-group (P<0.01). The discomfort caused by EGD, evaluated by either the endoscopist or the patients, was lower in Mi-group than in the other groups. The discomfort was correlated with “age” (P<0.001) and “groups of patients” (P<0.05) in the patients' evaluation, and with “gender” (females tolerated better than males, P<0.001) and “groups of patients” (P<0.05) in the endoscopist's evaluation. CONCLUSION: Conscious sedation can improve the tolerance to EGD. Male gender and young age are predictive factors of bad tolerance to the procedure.
文摘This paper attempts to focus on Jorge Luis Borges’ short story The Gospel according To Mark. Borges, an Argentina short storywriter and translator, whose motherland is under long-term western colonization, identifi es himself unconsciously with the western culture. Hisworks mostly touch upon the themes of religion and philosophy. Along with post-colonialism theory’s springing up, critics began to analyze hisworks from the post-colonial perspective. The author thinks that this short story with religious implication parallels to the cultural invasion in theperiod of colonization, from powerful culture to weaker one. The author, thus, aims to use Michael Foucault’s viewpoints concerning power andknowledge to probe into the western cultural hegemony and ideological invasion refl ected in this story. Besides, the loss and construction of theethnic identity of the colonized will be discussed in details.
文摘The aim of this article is to analyze one of the most recognized in the Russian intellectual-cultural tradition and Russians＇ social self-consciousness ways of identification of the nature of Russianness and Russia--and comprehend it in the category of the ＂Russian Sphinx＂. The Russian thinkers and writers discussing the nature of Russia often return to the motif of Sphinx. Opposed to its ancient Greek archetype-counterpart, ＂the Russian Sphinx＂ does not have to resort to intricate questions--he is a riddle himself. As I show and explain, the livelihood and dissemination of the Russia-Sphinx motif in the homeland of Dostoyevski are not incidental. This motif is a synthetic medium of many archetypal contents, which accurately articulate a set of traditional intuitions and imaginations held by the Russians and concerning the alleged essence, nature, or depth of ＂Russianness＂. To conclude, I demonstrate the need to make the people comprehending Russia in a similar way aware that the accompanying, the particular--in its basic framework a priori assumed by them--image of the Russian reality is de facto a correlate of their subjective cognitive intention.
