基于情感的显现:法国现象学美学的情感转向

“感发”是从现象学切入情感问题的独特概念。胡塞尔、海德格尔认为感发意味着已经处于某种动态的、开放的视域/境域,现象从中原发涌现出来,这一点经梅洛-庞蒂发展后鲜明地介入美学。与此相对,一些法国现象学家恰恰认为感发意味着处于视域/境域之外,作为一种被动接受的开敞可能,因而情感先于任何在世经验,且正是由情感才打开一个世界。基于情感产生新的现象显现,即现象不依于任何视域/境域而源初地自行显现,也产生出新的“美的现象”。法国现象学美学的“情感转向”分出三条主要路径:一是亨利将情感视作力自身对自身的施加和承受、表达和显现,一是列维纳斯认为情感从内部撕开主体,使得他人的面容对具主体性者显现,一是马里翁对“爱”进行还原后得到情感是自动感发与他异感发的交叉,指向现象自身的给出和显现。

质料现象学的偏离与逆转——米歇尔·亨利对胡塞尔现象学的根本推进

“质料现象学”是由现象学的创始人胡塞尔所提出的,胡塞尔认为它是一门与“意向性现象学”不同的自足学科。但米歇尔·亨利认为,胡塞尔对于“质料现象学”的处理实际上发生了一种根本性的“偏离”,胡塞尔过于受意向性的目光所局限,未能将“质料现象学”作为一门真正的现象学去对待。胡塞尔总是将“质料”的本质替换为某种意向性的东西,无法将质料本身的非意向性本质——感发性本质揭示出来,忽视了质料自身的给予性和现象性。米歇尔·亨利对胡塞尔的“偏离”进行了一种激进化的、生命现象学的“逆转”,为我们勾勒了一种与意向性截然不同的显现方式——感发性。

Functional dyspepsia:The role of visceral hypersensitivity in its pathogenesis

Functional, or non-ulcer, dyspepsia （FD） is one of the most common reasons for referral to gastroenterologists. It is associated with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Many authorities believe that functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome represent part of the spectrum of the same disease process. The pathophysiology of FD remains unclear but several theories have been proposed including visceral hypersensitivity, gastric motor dysfunction, Helicobacter pylori infection and psychosocial factors. In this review, we look at the evidence, to date, for the role of visceral hypersensitivity in the aetiology of FD.

Early Age of Onset, Multiple Primary Malignancies and Poor Prognosis Are Indicative of an Inherited Predisposition to Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Familial Rather Than Sporadic Disease- An Update Based on 14- to 23-year Follow-up

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effects of an inherited predisposition to familial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC） through the comparison and analysis of the clinicopathologic differences between familial and sporadic ESCC cases. METHODS Differences in age of onset, prevalence rates of double primary ESCC, and survival rates between familial ESCC （n = 476） and sporadic ESCC cases （n = 1226） were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, familial ESCC cases showed a significantly younger age of onset （51.9±8.2 vs. 53.4 ±8.0, Pt.test = 0.00）, a significantly higher prevalence rate for double ESCC （2.73 % vs. 1.22%, adjusted with TNM：χMH2 = 4.029, P = 0.045）, and a lower survival rate than in sporadic cases （Pwald = 0.04）. The familial cases showed both a younger age of onset and poorer survival in most subgroups, and the differences were more marked in early-stage rather than in the .late-stage disease groups. CONCLUSION Theses findings confirm the existence of familial as opposed to sporadic ESCC. By the theory of the ＂two-hit＂ origin of cancer, these findings also suggest that the ＂first hit＂, a genetic predisposition, can affect the age of onset, number of primary carcinomas, and the prognosis for familial ESCC patients.

Correlation of Chlamydia pneumonias infection with primary biliary cirrhosis

AIM:To evaluate the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: CpnIq/G and IgM were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELBA) in 41 well-established PBC patients and two race-matched control groups (post-hepatitis cirrhosis, n = 70; healthy controls, n = 57). RESULTS: The mean level and seroprevalence of Cpn IgG in PBC group and post-hepatitis cirrhosis (PHC) group were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (46.8±43.4 RU/mL, 49.5±45.2 RU/mL vs28.3±32.7 RU/mL; 68.3%, 71.4%, 42.1%, respectively; P<0.05). There was a remarkably elevated seroprevalence of Cpn IgM in patients with PBC (22.0%) compared to the PHC and healthy control (HC) groups. For the PBC patients versus the HCs, the odds ratios (ORs) of the presence of Cpn IgG and IgM were 2.7 (95% CI 0.9-6.1) and 5.1 (95% CI 1.4-18.5), respectively. Though there was no correlation in the level of Cpn IgG with total IgG in sera of patients with PBC (r = -0.857, P = 0.344>0.05), Cpn IgM was related with the abnormally high concentrations of total IgM in PBC group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may be a triggering agent or even a causative agent in PBC, but suggest that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection probably contributes to the high level of IgM present in most patients with PBC.

Technology of load-sensitivity used in the hydraulic system of an all-hydraulic core rig

The existing hydraulic system always have problems of temperature rise,runningstability and anti-interference of the implementation components,reliability of hydrauliccomponents,maintenance difficulties,and other issues.With high efficiency,energysaving,reliability,easy operating,stable running,anti-interference ability,and other advantages,the load-sensitive hydraulic system is more suitable for coal mine all-hydrauliccore rig.Therefore,for the technical development of the coal mine all-hydraulic core rig,the load-sensitive technology employed by the rig should be of great significance.

Role of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the presence of serum autoantibodies and chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis.The pathogenesis of PBC involves environmental factors,genetic predisposition and loss of immune tolerance.In recent years,it has become univocally accepted that an inappropriately activated immune response is one of the most important factors in PBC.In this study,the role of autoimmunity in PBC is summarized and a feasible research orientation is recommended.

Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 infection after liver transplantation:A case report and review of the literature

Pure red cell aplasia （PRCA） due to parvovirus B19 （PVB19） infectiori after solid organ transplantation has been rarely reported and most of the cases were renal transplant recipients, Few have been described after liver transplantation. Moreover, little information on the management of this easily recurring disease is available at present. We describe the first case of a Chinese liver transplant recipient with PVB19-induced PRCA during immunosuppressive therapy. The patient suffered from progressive anemia with the lowest hemoglobin level of 21 g/L. Bone marrow biopsy showed selectively inhibited erythropoiesis with giant pronormoblasts. Detection of PVB19-DNA in serum with quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR） revealed a high level of viral load. After 2 courses of intravenous immunoglobulin （IVIG） therapy, bone marrow erythropoiesis recovered with his hemoglobin level increased to 123 g/L. He had a lowlevel PVB19 load for a 5-too follow-up period without recurrence of PRCA, and finally the virus was cleared. Our case indicates that clearance of PVB19 by IVIG in transplant recipients might be delayed after recovery of anemia.

Role for mycobacterial infection in pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis?

Primary biliary cirrhosis （PBC） is a progressive cho- lestatic liver disease characterized by the immune- mediated destruction of biliary epithelial cells in small intrahepatic bile ducts. The disease is characterized by circulating antimitochondrial antibodies （AMAs） as well as disease-specific antinuclear antibodies, cholestatic liver function tests, and characteristic histological fea- tures, including granulomas. A variety of organisms are involved in granuloma formation, of which mycobacte- ria are the most commonly associated. This has led to the hypothesis that mnycobacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC, along with other infectious agents. Additionally, AMAs are found in a subgroup of patients with rnycobacterial infections, such as lep- rosy and pulmonary tuberculosis. Antibodies against species-specific mycobacterial proteins have been re- ported in patients with PBC, but it is not clear whether these antibodies are specific for the disease. In addi- tion, data in support of the involvement of the role of molecular mimicry between rnycobacterial and human mitochondrial antigens as triggers of cross-reactive im- mune responses leading to the loss of immunological tolerance, and the induction of pathological features have been published. Thus, antibodies against myco- bacterial heat shock protein appear to cross-recognize AMA-specific autoantigens, but it is not clear whether these autoantibodies are mycobacterium-species-spe- cific, and whether they are pathogenic or incidental. The view that mycobacteria are infectious triggers of PBC is intriguing, but the data provided so far are not conclusive.

Enterovesical fistula caused by a bladder squamous cell carcinoma

Enterovesical fistulas are not uncommon in patients with inflammatory or malignant colonic disease, however, fistulas secondary to primary bladder carcinomas are extremely rare. We herein reported a patient presenting with intractable urinary tract infection due to enterovesical fistula formation caused by a squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. This patient underwent en bloc resection of the bladder dome and involved ileum, and recovered uneventfully without urinary complaint. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature.

Full 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling of Rainfall-induced Flash Floods

Mountain catchments are prone to flash flooding due to heavy rainfall. Enhanced understanding of the generation and evolution processes of flash floods is essential for effective flood risk management. However, traditional distributed hydrological models based on kinematic and diffusion wave approximations ignore certain physical mechanisms of flash floods and thus bear excessive uncertainty. Here a hydrodynamic model is presented for flash floods based on the full two-dimensional shallow water equations incorporating rainfall and infiltration. Laboratory experiments of overland flows were modelled to illustrate the capability of the model. Then the model was applied to resolve two observed flash floods of distinct magnitudes in the Lengkou catchment in Shanxi Province, China. The present model is shown to be able to reproduce the flood flows fairly well compared to the observed data. The spatial distribution of rainfall is shown to be crucial for the modelling of flash floods. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters reveal that the stage and discharge hydrographs are more sensitive to the Manning roughness and initial water content in the catchment than to the Green-Ampt head. Most notably, as the flash flood augments due to heavier rainfall, the modelling results agree with observed data better, which clearly characterizes the paramount role of rainfall in dictating the floods. From practical perspectives, the proposed model is more appropriate for modelling large flash floods.

Effects of Abnormal Early Rearing Environments on Fear Memory in Adult Rats

In the present experiment, Pavlovian fear conditioning was adopted to study the effects of different early rearing environments on fear conditioning in adult rats. Weaned rats were reared in three manipulable environments （enriched, social and isolated conditions）. After 8 weeks, fear conditioning （characterized by percentage of freezing） was observed and analyzed, and rats＇ weight, locomoter activity and foot-shock sensitivity were operated too. The results showed that： （1） Compared with control group, the level of conditioned fear was significantly increased in enriched group, but significantly decreased in isolated group; （2） Enriched and isolated conditions influenced rat＇s weight significantly; （3） Different rearing conditions have no effect on locomoter activity and foot-shock sensitivity. These results indicated that early enriched condition could improve the tone-evoked fear conditioning response, while isolated condition impaired the response.

Effects of Different Microbes on Fermenting Feed for Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus)

The effects of different microbes on fermenting feed for sea cucumber （Apostichopus japonicus） were compared to select the optimal fermentation strain in this study. Saccharomgces cerevisae, Candida utilis, Bacillus subtilis and Geotrichum candidum were independently added into the experimental compound feed, while only saline was mixed with the control feed. The fermentation treatments were inoculated with 10% seed solution under the condition of 25 ~C and 70% water content, which lasted for 5 days to elucidate the optimal microbe strain for fermenting effect. Physicochemical indexes and sensorial characteristics were measured per day during the fermentation. The indexes included dry matter recovery （DMR）, crude protein （CP）, the percentage of amino acid nitrogen to total nitrogen （AA-N/tN）, the percentage of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen （NH3-N/tN）, and the ratio of fermentation strains and vibrios to the total microbes, color, smell and viscosity. The results showed that DMR, CP and AA-N/tN of the S. cerevisae group reached the highest level on day 3, but the ratio of fermentation strain was second to C. utilis group. In addition, its NH3-N/tN and the ratio of vibrios were maintained at low levels, and the sensory evaluation score including smell, color and viscosity was the highest in S. cerevisae group on day 3. Therefore, S. cerevisae could be the optimal strain for the feed fermentation for sea cucumber. This research developed a new production method of fermentation feed for sea cucumber.

Potential of acoustic emissions from three point bending tests as rock failure precursors

Development of failure in brittle materials is associated with microcracks,which release energy in the form of elastic waves called acoustic emissions. This paper presents results from acoustic emission measurements obtained during three point bending tests on Nestos marble under laboratory conditions.Acoustic emission activity was monitored using piezoelectric acoustic emission sensors,and the potential for accurate prediction of rock damage based on acoustic emission data was investigated. Damage localization was determined based on acoustic emissions generated from the critically stressed region as scattered events at stresses below and close to the strength of the material.

Global and Regional Trends and Projections of Infective Endocarditis-Associated Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors from 1990 to 2030

Objective To forecast the future burden and its attributable risk factors of infective endocarditis(IE).Methods We analyzed the disease burden of IE and its risk factors from 1990 to 2019 using the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database and projected the disease burden from 2020 to 2030 using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model.Results By 2030,the incidence of IE will increase uncontrollably on a global scale,with developed countries having the largest number of cases and developing countries experiencing the fastest growth.The affected population will be predominantly males,but the gender gap will narrow.The elderly in high-income countries will bear the greatest burden,with a gradual shift to middle-income countries.The incidence of IE in countries with middle/high-middle social-demographic indicators(SDI) will surpass that of high SDI countries.In China,the incidence rate and the number of IE will reach 18.07 per 100,000 and 451,596 in 2030,respectively.IEassociated deaths and heart failure will continue to impose a significant burden on society,the burden on women will increase and surpass that on men,and the elderly in high-SDI countries will bear the heaviest burden.High systolic blood pressure has become the primary risk factor for IE-related death.Conclusions This study provides comprehensive analyses of the disease burden and risk factors of IE worldwide over the next decade.The IE-associated incidence will increase in the future and the death and heart failure burden will not be appropriately controlled.Gender,age,regional,and country heterogeneity should be taken seriously to facilitate in making effective strategies for lowering the IE disease burden.

Effect of Different Ratios of DL-type Starter Culture： Mould Geotrichum candidum on the Viscosity and Sensory Properties of Fermented Milk

A great variety of dairy products with different flavour, texture and health-promoting properties can be obtained from milk using different technologies and starter cultures. Fermented milks are consumed in many parts of the world and are relished for their acidic taste and health benefits. The aim of this study was to compare effects of different ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk on its viscosity and sensory properties on the 5th, 10th and 15th day of storage at 4 ~C~ in order to determine the best ratio to prepare fermented milk on basis of Iranian acceptance. We have examined the production of fermented milk by 80： 20, 70： 30, and 60：40 ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk. The results obtained from viscosity measurement and sensory evaluation showed no significant difference between these treatments used in the study and were not satisfactory; their viscosity was not accepted and scores attributed to odour and flavor of fermented milks by panelists were low.

The Discount Rate in Terms of Evaluating Investments in Rangelands： The Case Study of Greece

This paper aims at analyzing and evaluating investments in rangeland management through the use of the discount rate tool. The most important parameter which is considered when estimating the discount rate is the lifetime of the investment, which varies depending on the kind of the intervention. An undeniable characteristic of rangelands is their rich biodiversity. However, the fact that not all the flora and fauna has been recorded yet, suggests the need for using the lowest possible discount rate （but not zero）, giving thus a high value on the benefits that will arise for future generations always in the light of sustainable development. At the same time, a sensitivity analysis has to be performed in order to determine the upper and lower limit of return on investment, so that the decision-maker in charge can be more flexible on the evaluation Of an investment proposal.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of ET 0 and Sensitivity Coefficients in Spring-summer in Eastern Agricultural Areas of Qinghai,China

Reference crop evapotranspiration(ET 0) is a key parameter to calculate crop water requirements.In the paper,ET 0 during 1960-2005 was calculated with FAO-56 PM in eastern agricultural areas of Qinghai,China.Then the sensitivity coefficients of ET 0 to meteorological variables were estimated through the nondimensional partial derivative in FAO-56 PM.Results show that the mean annual ET 0 of the whole area is 904 mm,and ET 0 portrays a very significant decrease during the 46 years.In spatial,ET 0 decreases from southeast to northwest,firstly increases then decreases from southwest to northeast.Through sensitivity analysis,in spring the most sensitive variable is relative humidity,while in summer is temperature.The temperature,sunshine duration and wind speed sensitivity coefficients(S(TA),S(n),S(u)) are higher in middle areas as opposed to surrounding areas,while the relative humidity sensitivity coefficient(S(RH)) has an opposite distribution rule.

Historic Environment and Cultural Sensitivity： Ottoman Neighborhood in Macedonia

The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.

Spectral Characteristics of White Organic Light-emitting Diodes Based on Novel Phosphorescent Sensitizer

White organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated by using a novel phosphorescence bis（1,2-diphenyl-1H-benzoimidazole）iridium（acetylacetonate）[（pbi）2Ir（acac）] as sensitizer and a fluorescent dye of 4- （dicyanomethylene）-2-t-butyl-6-（1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl）-4H-pyran （DCJTB） codoped into a carbazole polymer of poly（N-vinylcarbazole） （PVK）. Through characterizing the UV-Vis absorption spectra, the photoluminescence spectra of （pbi）2Ir（acac） and DCJTB, and the electroluminescence spectral properties of the WOLEDs, the energy transfer mechanisms of the codoped polymer system were deduced. The results demonstrate that the luminescent spectra with different intensity of （pbi）2Ir（acac） and DCJTB were co-existent in the EL spectra of the blended system, which is ascribed to an incomplete energy transfer process in the EL process. The efficient Forster and Dexter energy transfer between the host and the guests enabled a strong yellow emission from （pbi）2Ir（acac） and DCJTB, where （pbi）2Ir（acac） plays an important role as a phosphorescent sensitizer for DCJTB. With the blue emitting-layer of N,N＇-diphenyl-N,N＇-bis（1- naphthyl）（1,1＇-biphenyl）-4,4＇-diamine, the codoped system device achieved white emission. The codoped system showed that its Commissions Internationale de 1＇Eclairage coordinates were more independent of the variation of bias voltage than those of phosphorescent doped PVK systems.