Objectives: To describe and analyze risk factors associatedwith disuse of condoms during commercial sexual intercourseamong clients attending sauna and massage centers. Methods: Selected female sex workers from saunas...Objectives: To describe and analyze risk factors associatedwith disuse of condoms during commercial sexual intercourseamong clients attending sauna and massage centers. Methods: Selected female sex workers from saunas andbeauty parlors were trained as interviewers. They surveyedclients during provision of sexual services. Informationcollected included customers' demographics, knowledge ofSTDs, rationale for and history of condom use. Risk factorsfor condom usage were assessed though logistical modeling.Results: A total of 50 clients were interviewed. The rates ofcondom usage for last sexual intercourse with commercial andnon-commercial partners were 57% and 53% for clients ofsauna centers and 30% and 40% for clients of beauty parlors,respectively. The choice to use a condom was influenced byclients 60.8% of the time, sex workers 30.4%, and otherfactors 8.8%. The choice against using a condom was decidedupon by clients 69.7% of the time, sex workers 9.1%, andother factors 21.2%. Multivariate analysis showed thateducational level and perception of risk of infection werefactors for condom use. Clients with a high school educationhad a higher condom use rate than those with a middle schooleducation or less. Furthermore, clients who perceived risk ofdisease used condoms more frequently than those who did not.Conclusions: Clients played a significant role in decidingwhether or not to use a condom during commercial sex. Lackof perception of risk is a major factor for not using condoms.A program for promotion of prophylactics targeting bothcommercial sex workers and their clients is recommended.展开更多
Steel lazy wave catenary riser (SLWR) has been an attractive choice for deepwater oil field developments. However, fatigue is a critical issue in assessing the feasibility of applying SLWR to large motion vessels such...Steel lazy wave catenary riser (SLWR) has been an attractive choice for deepwater oil field developments. However, fatigue is a critical issue in assessing the feasibility of applying SLWR to large motion vessels such as floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) or semi-submersibles. In this work, the time-domain fatigue analysis of SLWR was adopted for better representing the structural nonlinearity, fluid load nonlinearity and riser-soil nonlinear interaction. The Palmgren-Miner rule was employed for the fatigue life prediction along the riser length. The main purpose of this analysis is to present sensitivity analyses of SLWR fatigue life under various input parameters, which include the structural damping, the hydrodynamic coefficients along the riser, the seabed stiffness, the vessel motions, etc. The analyses indicated the strong dependence of the riser fatigue life on these parameters. The results can help designers to understand the dynamic behavior of the SLWR and provide guidance for selection of some critical parameters that are used in the fatigue design.展开更多
基金This study was supported by China National Center for AIDS Prevention and Control and Peking Union School of Public Health.
文摘Objectives: To describe and analyze risk factors associatedwith disuse of condoms during commercial sexual intercourseamong clients attending sauna and massage centers. Methods: Selected female sex workers from saunas andbeauty parlors were trained as interviewers. They surveyedclients during provision of sexual services. Informationcollected included customers' demographics, knowledge ofSTDs, rationale for and history of condom use. Risk factorsfor condom usage were assessed though logistical modeling.Results: A total of 50 clients were interviewed. The rates ofcondom usage for last sexual intercourse with commercial andnon-commercial partners were 57% and 53% for clients ofsauna centers and 30% and 40% for clients of beauty parlors,respectively. The choice to use a condom was influenced byclients 60.8% of the time, sex workers 30.4%, and otherfactors 8.8%. The choice against using a condom was decidedupon by clients 69.7% of the time, sex workers 9.1%, andother factors 21.2%. Multivariate analysis showed thateducational level and perception of risk of infection werefactors for condom use. Clients with a high school educationhad a higher condom use rate than those with a middle schooleducation or less. Furthermore, clients who perceived risk ofdisease used condoms more frequently than those who did not.Conclusions: Clients played a significant role in decidingwhether or not to use a condom during commercial sex. Lackof perception of risk is a major factor for not using condoms.A program for promotion of prophylactics targeting bothcommercial sex workers and their clients is recommended.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50739004, 51009093)the Research Fund for the Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering
文摘Steel lazy wave catenary riser (SLWR) has been an attractive choice for deepwater oil field developments. However, fatigue is a critical issue in assessing the feasibility of applying SLWR to large motion vessels such as floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) or semi-submersibles. In this work, the time-domain fatigue analysis of SLWR was adopted for better representing the structural nonlinearity, fluid load nonlinearity and riser-soil nonlinear interaction. The Palmgren-Miner rule was employed for the fatigue life prediction along the riser length. The main purpose of this analysis is to present sensitivity analyses of SLWR fatigue life under various input parameters, which include the structural damping, the hydrodynamic coefficients along the riser, the seabed stiffness, the vessel motions, etc. The analyses indicated the strong dependence of the riser fatigue life on these parameters. The results can help designers to understand the dynamic behavior of the SLWR and provide guidance for selection of some critical parameters that are used in the fatigue design.
