时间与自由——基于马克思时间观的理解

马克思的时间观主要可以分为两个部分:感性时间和自由时间。感性时间是属人的时间,是人类实践并获得认识的向度。自由时间是人类发展和自由解放的空间,资本剥削的实质就是对必要劳动时间外的自由时间的无偿占有。当代消费社会,自由时间的物化表现为它是一种消费物的范畴,是人们在资本的消费逻辑下对时间被动的、非自由的支配。

时间与自由的“二律背反”——康德和马克思相关哲学观点的矛盾分析

在康德的哲学中,时间是自然规律的直接来源,因而象征着高阶的自然必然性,它与自由范畴实现其客观实在性相冲突;但在马克思看来,时间对人的存在具有积极的意义,是人在感性现实中实现自由存在的必要条件。在时间与自由的关系上,康德与马克思的观点相互矛盾,形成"二律背反"的现象。通过深入分析这种现象,我们最终发现,康德和马克思对自由的客观实在性有不同的理解,前者只承认以理知方式实现出来的客观实在性,后者只承认以感性方式实现出来的客观实在性,这种不同的理解是导致两人在时间与自由的观点方面相互冲突的根源。

Time-temperature-property curves for quench sensitivity of 6063 aluminum alloy

The quench sensitivity of 6063 alloy was investigated via constructing time-temperature-property（TTP） curves by interrupted quenching technique and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） analysis.The results show that the quench sensitivity of 6063 alloy is lower than that of 6061 or 6082 alloy,and the critical temperature ranges from 300 to 410℃ with the nose temperature of about 360℃.From TEM analysis,heterogeneous precipitate β-Mg2Si is prior to nucleate on the（AlxFeySiz） dispersoids in the critical temperature range,and grows up most rapidly at the nose temperature of 360℃.The heterogeneous precipitation leads to a low concentration of solute,which consequently reduces the amount of the strengthening phase β＇＇ after aging.In the large-scale industrial production of 6063 alloy,the cooling rate during quenching should be enhanced as high as possible in the quenching sensitive temperature range（410-300℃） to suppress the heterogeneous precipitation to get optimal mechanical properties,and it should be slowed down properly from the solution temperature to 410℃ and below 300℃ to reduce the residual stress.

一种马克思哲学的“存在论基础”解读:历史性的类

马克思存在论或本体论问题从21世纪开始至今一直延续着话题热度。在这个关系到我们如何在新时代理解马克思哲学的关键问题上,一种历史性的态度应该得到它理应的推崇。这种历史性态度要求我们回到黑格尔到费尔巴哈那里去探求这种存在论基础的根源,“历史性的类”恰是一种可行的解读方式。所说的“历史性”并不是黑格尔主观层面的历史性,而是马克思自己在博士论文中所说的包含着人的感性时间的历史性。所说的“类”也不只是费尔巴哈的“感性直观”,而是包含着感性活动,在人类历史中达到可能的自由的“类”。

Quenching sensitivity and heterogeneous precipitation behavior of AA7136 alloy

The quenching sensitivity of AA7136 alloy was investigated by time−temperature−property(TTP)diagrams,and the heterogeneous precipitation behavior during isothermal holding was investigated using scanning electron microscopy,scanning transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy.Based on 99.5%TTP diagram,the nose temperature is determined to be about 346℃ with the transformation time of about 0.245 s.The precipitation ofη(MgZn_(2)),T(Al_(2)Zn_(3)Mg_(3)),S(Al_(2)CuMg)or Cu−Zn-rich Y phases can be found depending on isothermal holding temperature and time,and it is described in a time−temperature−precipitation diagram.The size and area fraction of isothermal holding induced phase particles increase,which results in the decrease of hardness of samples after aging.The quantitative contribution to loss of hardness by grain boundaries/subgrain boundaries and dispersoids in the matrix is discussed based on the amount of heterogeneous precipitation related to them.

A sensor transaction scheduling algorithm for maintaining real-time data temporal validity

A new scheduling algorithm called deferrable scheduling with time slice exchange (DS-EXC) was proposed to maintain the temporal validity of real-time data. In DS-EXC, the time slice exchange method was designed to further defer the release time of transaction instances derived by the deferrable scheduling algorithm (DS-FP). In this way, more CPU time would be left for lower priority transactions and other transactions. In order to minimize the scheduling overhead, an off-line scheme was designed. In particular, the schedule for a transaction set is generated off-line until a repeating pattern is found, and then the pattern is used to construct the schedule on-line. The performance of DS-EXC was evaluated by sets of experiments. The results show that DS-EXC outperforms DS-FP in terms of increasing schedulable ratio. It also provides better performance under mixed workloads.

Liver-protecting effects of omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion in liver transplantation

AIM:To investigate the liver-protecting effect of parenteral nutrition(PN) support with omega-3 fatty acids in a randomized controlled clinical trial.METHODS:Sixty-six patients with the diagnosis of end-stage liver disease or hepatic cellular carcinoma were admitted to the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital,Nanjing University,China for orthotopic liver transplantation.The patients were randomly divided into two groups:PN group(n = 33) and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) group(n = 33).All patients received isocaloric and isonitrogenous PN for seven days after surgery,and in PUFA group omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion replaced part of the standard lipid emulsion.Liver function was tested on days 2 and 9 after surgery.Pathological examination was performed after reperfusion of the donor liver and on day 9.Clinical outcome was assessed based on the post-transplant investigations,including:(1) post-transplant mechanical ventilation;(2) total hospital stay;(3) infectious morbidities;(4) acute and chronic rejection;and(5) mortality(intensive care unit mortality,hospital mortality,28-d mortality,and survival at a one-year post-transplant surveillance period).RESULTS:On days 2 and 9 after operation,a significant decrease of alanine aminotransferase(299.16 U/L ± 189.17 U/L vs 246.16 U/L ± 175.21 U/L,P = 0.024) and prothrombin time(5.64 s ± 2.06 svs 2.54 s ± 1.15 s,P = 0.035) was seen in PUFA group compared with PN group.The pathological results showed that omega-3 fatty acid supplement improved the injury of hepatic cells.Compared with PN group,there was a significant decrease of post-transplant hospital stay in PUFA group(18.7 d ± 4.0 d vs 20.6 d ± 4.6 d,P = 0.041).Complications of infection occurred in 6 cases of PN group(2 cases of pneumonia,3 cases of intra-abdominal abscess and 1 case of urinary tract infection),and in 3 cases of PUFA group(2 cases of pneumonia and 1 case of intra-abdominal abscess).No acute or chronic rejection and hospital mortality were found in both groups.The one-year mortality in PN group was 9.1%(3/33),one died of pulmonary infection,one died of severe intra-hepatic cholangitis and hepatic dysfunction and the other died of hepatic cell carcinoma recurrence.Only one patient in PUFA group(1/33,3.1%) died of biliary complication and hepatic dysfunction during follow-up.CONCLUSION:Post-transplant parenteral nutritional support combined with omega-3 fatty acids can significantly improve the liver injury,reduce the infectious morbidities,and shorten the post-transplant hospital stay.

Lagrangian model of zooplankton dispersion:numerical schemes comparisons and parameter sensitivity tests

This paper presents two comparisons or tests for a Lagrangian model of zooplankton dispersion:numerical schemes and time steps.Firstly,we compared three numerical schemes using idealized circulations.Results show that the precisions of the advanced Adams-Bashfold-Moulton(ABM) method and the Runge-Kutta(RK) method were in the same order and both were much higher than that of the Euler method.Furthermore,the advanced ABM method is more efficient than the RK method in computational memory requirements and time consumption.We therefore chose the advanced ABM method as the Lagrangian particle-tracking algorithm.Secondly,we performed a sensitivity test for time steps,using outputs of the hydrodynamic model,Symphonie.Results show that the time step choices depend on the fluid response time that is related to the spatial resolution of velocity fields.The method introduced by Oliveira et al.in 2002 is suitable for choosing time steps of Lagrangian particle-tracking models,at least when only considering advection.

Humanistic caring:the core of nursing

The voice of calling for humanistic concern is always from uncountable doctor-patient conflicts, from which we often hear a doctor is killed or injured for disputes. Prejudice has been rooted in mind that all doctors and nurses are interest-centered and cold-blooded. To some extent, it's true that patterned questions with a poker face are always more than gentle words with warm smile. Nurses are the ones who keep patients company for the longest time. Therefore, caring matters more for them. The explicit concept of "caring" will be introduced and we will attach great importance to how nurses can achieve caring. From the following aspects:the practices of loving kindness, the instillation of faith and hope, sensitivity to indicators of disease, improvem ent of healing environment, communication arts etc, you will understand why nurse is the symbol of angel. We can begin with caring about people around us. Our duty is not only to deal the ill but to warm the chill.

High performance room temperature gas sensor based on novel morphology of zinc oxide nanostructures

Zinc oxide uniform nanostructures with novel morphologies were synthesized through simple and fast ammonia based controlled precipitation method in aqueous media and in the absence of any additive. Selected batches of the synthesized solids were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and TG/DTA. FTIR analysis revealed that the morphology of nanostructures had little effect on their IR spectral profile of the synthesized material. The as-prepared, calcined and commercial ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-AP, ZnO-Cal and ZnO-Com) were then employed as gas sensors for the detection of ammonia, acetone and ethanol. ZnO-AP and ZnO-Cal based sensors showed superior and reproducible performance towards 1×10^-6 ammonia with gas response of 63.79% and 66.87% and response/recovery time of 13 and 3 s, respectively, at room temperature (29℃). This was attributed to the unique morphology and remarkable uniformity in shape and size of the synthesized nanostructures. In contrast, the ZnO-Com based sensor did not respond to ammonia concentration less than 200×10^-6. In addition, ZnO-Cal showed high selectivity to ammonia as compared to acetone and ethanol at room temperature. Moreover, the lowest detection limit was 1×10^-6, which demonstrates excellent ammonia sensing characteristics of the synthesized ZnO.

Comparative Study of the Static Magnetic Field Effects on Growth Rate with Relative Antibiotic Susceptibility in Escherichia coli

We studied the biological effects of different magnetic fields. Identified bacterial strain Escherichia coli （type I） has been exposed to the dipolar magnetic field force （400, 800, 1200 and 1600 Gausses） which prepared locally with incubation for different period times （24, 48 and 72 hrs） at 37℃. The effects were evaluated by optical density （OD） at 600 nm determining their growth density incorporation with negative control and depending of McFarland turbidity standard （0.5）, in addition to its susceptibility to various antibiotics. Results illustrate different forces of magnetic field decreased the growth rate of E. coli in particular at 24 hrs incubation comparing with unexposed or control samples. The magnetic field increased the logarithmic phase within 4-6 hrs of treatment but decreased after 16 to 18 hrs. Furthermore, changes in the antibiotic sensitivity were observed after exposure period of 6 hrs since E. coli cells became more sensitive to certain antibiotics. While after a 16 hrs exposure period, it became more resistant to the same antibiotics comparing with control groups.

The Crucial Role of Time in M＆A Activities： An Inductive Exploration

Mergers ＆ acquisitions （M＆As） are important strategic instruments, yet nearly half of all transactions fail, often resulting in disastrous write-offs and losses for corporations and financing institutions alike - despite promising prospects upfront. Applied research has been trying to find a ＂panacea＂ to prevent or at least predict M＆A failure, investigating motives, synergies and performance. Despite the growing unease with the stationary explanatory models in literature, research has only marginally focused on the concept of time, with inquiries into market timing and integration speed. Yet other timing concepts have been neglected in concepts so far despite early empirical evidence for their existence. The purpose of this paper is thus to identify and elaborate on the importance of further relevant theories of timing. For this, and true to the exploratory nature of the topic, the authors have chosen a qualitative comparative case study design based on existing case reports which are investigated for narrations highlighting timing concepts. This study reveals six factors which have a crucial impact on the M＆A outcome： time of acquisition, M＆A duration in its entirety, M＆A sequence, synergy chronology, frequency of acquisitions and time to step back. It contributes to theory and practice in outlining the careful attention that needs to be paid in planning in these factors to enhance the chances of a successful M＆A transaction.

Comparative proteomic study of cervical cancer with different radiotherapy sensitivity

Objective： To investigate the proteornic differences between the high-sensitivity （HS） group and low-sensitivity （LS） group of cervical cancer treated by radiotherapy and confirm the radiotherapy sensitivity associated proteins in early cervical cancer. Methods： The fresh carcinoma tissues were collected from 10 untreated cervical cancer patients and preserved in the -80 ℃ refrigeratory. The tissues were classified into two groups： high sensitivity group （HS） and low sensitivity group （LS）, according to their response to radiotherapy. In the first part of our experiment, protein separating was performed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） with Amersham 18 cm linear pH 3-10 immobilized pH gradient （IPG） strips. The images of the gels were acquired by the scanner and then analyzed by using PD-quest7.3 software to find the differentially expression protein-spots in each group. Then the differentially expressed protein-spots was incised from the gels and digested by trypsin. The peptide mass fingerprintings （PMF） was acquired by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS） and the proteins were identified by data searching in the Mascot-database. Part of differentially expression proteins were assayed by Western Blot. Results： Most of the gels were clear and successfully analyzed by PD-quest7.3 software. Most of the protein-spots concentrated on the area of 20-100Kda （Mw） and pH4-8. The average number of the protein-spots was 754 ± 64 in HS group and 777 ±48个 in LS group. The match rate was 87.6% between two groups. Five high expression proteins were found in HS group which were low expression in LS group, 3 high expression protein were found in LS group which were low expression in HS group. Reselts of Western Blot were in coincidence to proteomic result. Conclusion： The 2-DE gels image of HS group and LS group with early cervical cancer tissues treated by radiotherapy are successfully acquired. Some differentially expression proteins between the two groups are further confirmed by immunohistochemical assay.

个人的真正自由何以实现？--马克思自由思想的哲学-社会经济学文本探源

从"个人怎样表现自己的生活,他们自己就是怎样",到"消费和生产是同一的",再到"工作日的缩短",正是从必然王国到自由王国渐趋具体化的攀爬过程,是个人以感性时间方式享有创造性闲暇即真正自由的具体化过程。马克思这一自由思想及其追寻路径,对和谐社会的深刻内涵与个人真正自由的本质关联的领会与把握,具有建构性意义。

Study on Sensitivity Improving of Fiber Bragg Grating Based pH Sensor

The key factor of the sensitivity in the FBG-based pH sensor is analyzed in detail. A multi-thin-layer structure of the gel coated cover was proposed and implemented with a special process. The sensors with the coated thickness of 420 ~m, 500 ~m, and 580 ~m were built up, respectively. The corresponding spectral shifts of 0.08nm, 0.13nm, and 0.22nm were detected when the pH sensors were soaked in the pH value of 3-9. Meanwhile, the sensor with the gel layer thickness of 580 ~tm was measured in the optimum measurement time period with the pH value changing from 3-12, in which the detected sensitivity of 52pm/pH was achieved in the pH range of 6-12.

Habitat suitability modeling based on remote sensing to realize time synchronization of species and environmental variables

Aims Remote sensing(RS)is a technical method for effectively capturing real-world data on a large scale.We aimed to(i)realize the time synchronization of species and environmental variables,and extract variables related to the actual growth of species based on RS in habitat suitability modeling,and(ii)provide a reference for species management.Methods Taking invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia in China as an example for habitat suitability modeling.Temperature and precipitation variables were calculated from the land surface temperature provided by the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS),and climate station data,respectively.Besides,other variables that directly affect the growth or reproduction of A.artemisiifolia were also included,such as the relative humidity of the previous year’s flowering period(RHPFP),and the effective UV irradiance reaching the Earth’s surface(UVI).The random forest method was selected to model the habitat suitability.The environmental variables and samples were divided into four-time periods(i.e.1990–2000,2001–2005,2006–2010 and 2011–2016)based on sampling time.Variables from the long-time series of RS(1990–2016)and WorldClim(1960–1990)were also modeled.Important Findings It was feasible to extract environmental variables from RS for habitat suitability modeling,and was more accurate than that based on the variables from WorldClim.The potential distribution of A.artemisiifolia in 1990–2000 and 2006–2010 was smaller than that in 2001–2005 and 2011–2016.The precipitation of driest months(bio14),precipitation coefficient of variation(bio15),RHPFP and UVI were the important environmental variables that affect the growth and reproduction of A.artemisiifolia.The results indicated that the time synchronization of species and environmental variables improved the prediction accuracy of A.artemisiifolia,which should be considered in habitat suitability modeling(especially for annual species).This study can provide an important reference for the management and prevention of the spread of A.artemisiifolia.

Spatio-temporal analysis and simulation on shallow rainfall-induced landslides in China using landslide susceptibility dynamics and rainfall I-D thresholds

An empirical simulation method to simulate the possible position of shallow rainfall-induced landslides in China has been developed.This study shows that such a simulation may be operated in real-time to highlight those areas that are highly prone to rainfall-induced landslides on the basis of the landslide susceptibility index and the rainfall intensity-duration(I-D) thresholds.First,the study on landslide susceptibility in China is introduced.The entire territory has been classified into five categories,among which high-susceptibility regions(Zone 4-'High' and 5-'Very high') account for 4.15%of the total extension of China.Second,rainfall is considered as an external triggering factor that may induce landslide initiation.Real-time satellite-based TMPA3B42 products may provide real rainfall spatial and temporal patterns,which may be used to derive rainfall duration time and intensity.By using a historical record of 60 significant past landslides,the rainfall I-D equation has been calibrated.The rainfall duration time that may trigger a landslide has resulted between 3 hours and 45 hours.The combination of these two aspects can be exploited to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall-induced landslide hazards when rainfall events exceed the rainfall I-D thresholds,where the susceptibility category is 'high' or 'very high'.This study shows a useful tool to be part of a systematic landslide simulation methodology,potentially providing useful information for a theoretical basis and practical guide for landslide prediction and mitigation throughout China.

RISK-SENSITIVE FIXED-POINT SMOOTHING ESTIMATION FOR LINEAR DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE OUTPUT DELAYS

This paper investigates the risk-sensitive fixed-point smoothing estimation for hnear omcrete-time systems with multiple time-delay measurements. The problem considered can be converted into an optimization one in indefinite space. Then the risk-sensitive fixed-point smoother is obtained by solving the optimization problem via innovation analysis theory in indefinite space. Necessary and sufficient conditions guaranteeing the existence of the risk-sensitive smoother are also given when the risk-sensitive parameter is negative. Compared with the conventional approach, a significant advantage of presented approach is that it provides less computational cost.

Autoignition of butanol isomers/n-heptane blend fuels on a rapid compression machine in N_2/O_2/Ar mixtures

Ignition delay times of butanol isomers/n-heptane mixture were measured using a rapid compression machine at compressed pressures of 15,20 and 30 bar,in the compressed temperature range of 650–830 K and equivalence ratio of 1.0.Sensitivity analysis and reaction fluxes analysis were performed using a detailed mechanism of blend fuels so as to evaluate the impact of n-heptane addition and temperature variation on the ignition and combustion process.Over the experimental conditions in this study,the blend fuels displays apparent low and high temperature reactions and a negative-temperature-coefficient(NTC)behavior.With increasing butanol isomers mole fraction in the mixtures,the ignition delay times increase.It is worth noting that the suppression to n-heptane ignition from tert-butanol is very limited.The ignition delay time of 40/60 tert-butanol/n-heptane mixture is smaller than other three kinds of blends.With the increasing of tert-butanol mole fraction,the increasing range of its ignition delay time is very large.Moreover,compressed pressure has a limited effect on the ignition of blend mixture at low temperature but certain influence at medium temperature arrange.Tert-butanol/n-heptane mixture is not sensitive to the pressure.The chemical analysis indicates that butanol isomers also present the NTC behavior because of the low temperature reactivity radicals pool produced by n-heptane.Reaction fluxes analysis shows that the n-heptane addition has little impact on the reaction path.Sensitivity analysis shows that for the pure n-butanol,2-butanol and iso-butanol fuel,H-abstraction from the?-carbon plays the dominant role in the reactions having the inhibiting effect on the low-temperature branching,while the H-abstraction from the?-carbon can promote the ignition;for tert-butanol/n-heptane mixtures,reaction R16.H2O2(+M)<=>OH+OH(+M)plays the leading role.For n-butanol/n-heptane,iso-butanol/n-heptane mixtures,the major promoting reactions include some H-abstraction from n-heptane and OH branching reactions,the influence of H-abstraction from?-carbon is weaken;For 2-butanol/n-heptane,tert-butanol/n-heptane mixtures,R16 plays an absolutely dominant role,while the major inhibiting reactions add some elementary reactions of small radicals.