Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the penetration of the female sand flea, Tungapenetrans, into the epidermis of the host. Through an intensive literature review, poor hygiene, poverty, social negle...Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the penetration of the female sand flea, Tungapenetrans, into the epidermis of the host. Through an intensive literature review, poor hygiene, poverty, social neglect, ignorance, and poor cultural beliefs were found to promote jigger infestation in Kenya. The research revealed the vicious cycle of poverty, low educational standards, low self-esteem/stigmatization, violation of civil rights, HIV/AIDS and secondary infections as the effects of the infestation. Fumigation, on-host treatment of animals, proper hygiene, and health education are the suggested control measures. Generally, one needs to be physically, emotionally and socially sound to appropriately deliver the much needed services of national development. The jigger infestation negatively impacts on these aspects of human health, hampering the wholesome participation in nation building by both the infected and the affected. As a country, the Jigger menace is frustrating Kenya＇s attempts to achieve the Millennium Development Goal on poverty reduction by the year 2015, as well as reducing the pace of national development.展开更多
C. piaropi （Cercospora piaropi） and A. zonatum （Acremonium zonatum） have proved to be effective in reducing water hyacinth growth. However, efficacy of these fungi in field is limited by the effect of solar UV （u...C. piaropi （Cercospora piaropi） and A. zonatum （Acremonium zonatum） have proved to be effective in reducing water hyacinth growth. However, efficacy of these fungi in field is limited by the effect of solar UV （ultraviolet） light and desiccation. In this study, three compounds used as sunscreens and one seed plant that produce mucilage were tested for their effects on the infection produced by C. piaropi and A. zonatum inoculum under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory conditions, TiO2 （titanium dioxide） and metamucil did not inhibit C. piaropi and A. zonatum viability. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 and metamucil to the inoculum suspension increased fungi infection. The protective effect of TiO2 and metamucil was more evident when the inoculum suspension was applied 4 h before sunset. These results suggest that addition of TiO2 and metamucil provides necessary humidity and solar protection for increasing C piaropi and A. zonatum infection on water hyacinth plants.展开更多
文摘Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the penetration of the female sand flea, Tungapenetrans, into the epidermis of the host. Through an intensive literature review, poor hygiene, poverty, social neglect, ignorance, and poor cultural beliefs were found to promote jigger infestation in Kenya. The research revealed the vicious cycle of poverty, low educational standards, low self-esteem/stigmatization, violation of civil rights, HIV/AIDS and secondary infections as the effects of the infestation. Fumigation, on-host treatment of animals, proper hygiene, and health education are the suggested control measures. Generally, one needs to be physically, emotionally and socially sound to appropriately deliver the much needed services of national development. The jigger infestation negatively impacts on these aspects of human health, hampering the wholesome participation in nation building by both the infected and the affected. As a country, the Jigger menace is frustrating Kenya＇s attempts to achieve the Millennium Development Goal on poverty reduction by the year 2015, as well as reducing the pace of national development.
文摘C. piaropi （Cercospora piaropi） and A. zonatum （Acremonium zonatum） have proved to be effective in reducing water hyacinth growth. However, efficacy of these fungi in field is limited by the effect of solar UV （ultraviolet） light and desiccation. In this study, three compounds used as sunscreens and one seed plant that produce mucilage were tested for their effects on the infection produced by C. piaropi and A. zonatum inoculum under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory conditions, TiO2 （titanium dioxide） and metamucil did not inhibit C. piaropi and A. zonatum viability. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 and metamucil to the inoculum suspension increased fungi infection. The protective effect of TiO2 and metamucil was more evident when the inoculum suspension was applied 4 h before sunset. These results suggest that addition of TiO2 and metamucil provides necessary humidity and solar protection for increasing C piaropi and A. zonatum infection on water hyacinth plants.
