田间柑橘种质实生苗对柑橘木虱的感虫性评价

本研究以柑橘木虱成虫、若虫和卵的发生指数和虫口密度为感虫性指标,结合系统聚类分析方法,对田间44份柑橘种质实生苗进行感虫性评价,试验结果表明:(1)柑橘木虱对不同柑橘种质实生苗存在选择性差异,柑橘木虱不同虫态对同一柑橘种质实生苗的选择性也不完全一致;(2)以发生指数作为指标,采用欧氏距离相似尺度和最长距离法进行聚类分析,将44份柑橘种质实生苗归并为5大类型,高感种质9份,介于中感和高感之间种质2份,不感种质6份,低感种质12份和中感种质15份。由于田间自然鉴定法容易受到环境因子的干扰,为了保证抗性评价的稳定性和可靠性,尚需室内开展柑橘木虱对柑橘不同种质的选择性和非选择性试验。

麦类品种对麦双尾蚜自然感虫性的初步观察

在新疆伊犁地区１９９３ 年和１９９４ 年分别观察了１９５ 个和３６ 个麦类品种对麦双尾蚜Ｄｉｕｒａｐｈｉｓｎｏｘｉａ （ Ｍｏｒｄｖｉｌｋｏ） 的自然感虫性。３６ 个品种两年的结果进行比较表明， 感虫率级别相同的品种有１８ 个， 占５０ ％ ； 其中“一粒小麦”稳定地表现为不感虫性； 感虫率稳定地表现在２０ ％ 以下的品种有１３ 个， 即“８６２４２３３”、“京７７２”、“Ｍ８５１８９”、“Ｔ５７９”、“永良１３ ”、“Ｔ４９４”、“浮纳尔”、“Ｍｇ４５２１”、“广引７４”、“Ｍｇ５８２４”、“Ｍｇ８５８６”、“Ｔ１００８”和“短芒黑边红”； 感虫率稳定在２０ ％ ～４０％ 的品种２ 个， 即“额敏黑芒”和“白长穗”； 感虫率稳定在４０ ％ ～６０ ％ 的品种２ 个，即“黑芒红”和“勾毛白”。其余品种， 有１４ 个两年的感虫率相差一个级别（２０ ％ ） ； “黑芒长穗”、“高原６０２”、“伊宁黄库尔班”和“８２１０４２１１”等４ 个品种感虫率相差二个或三个级别。另外，１９９６ 年塔城引种试验的２ 个品种“春麦雄性不育系９０１”和“啤酒大麦（ 石引１ 号）”均遭受麦双尾蚜的严重为害。

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂对苗圃不同桉树品系袋苗的感虫性测定

选择目前广东省推广面积较大的12种桉树品系袋苗,进行桉树枝瘿姬小蜂感虫性的选择性测定和强迫性测定。结果表明DH201-2虫瘿数量极显著高于其它桉树品系,广林9、32-29、W 5、雷林11、广州1号、184、186、雷林17、U6、石岭1号和邓恩桉桉树品系之间差异未达到显著。

杂交稻在贮藏期对麦蛾感虫性的研究

杂交稻在贮藏期受麦蛾为害常表现为感虫，其感虫比例明显高于常规稻。杂交稻感虫的原因主要由于谷粒的裂颖率高，有利于初孵幼虫的入侵。裂颖率与成虫羽化率、稻谷损失率呈极显著的正相关（ｐ＜０．００１），而与敏感度系数呈很显著的正相关（ｐ＜０．０１）。换言之，裂颖率越高，感虫性越大；反之，抗性增强。不育系的感虫性可能是造成杂交稻感虫的主要原因。发展新的抗虫不育系和选用具有显性抗虫基因的恢复系作为抗源，可能会提高杂交稻的抗性。

毛白杨抗虫、感虫无性系树皮内酶活性的初步研究

对 14年生抗虫、感虫毛白杨无性系树皮内过氧化物酶 (POD)和多酚氧化酶 (PPO)的酶活力进行了比较分析 ,结果表明抗、感虫无性系间树皮内多酚氧化酶的酶活力差异显著 ,抗虫无性系大于感虫无性系 ;而感虫无性系内的过氧化物酶的酶活力大于抗虫无性系 ,但二者差异不显著 ,多酚氧化酶的酶活性与抗虫性有一定的关系 ,是造成抗性差异的原因之一 。

豆蚜胁迫对绿豆抗、感品种营养物质和保护酶的影响

为了明确豆蚜胁迫对抗、感绿豆品种营养物质及保护酶的影响,采用分光光度计法测定抗、感2个绿豆品种受豆蚜危害前后营养物质以及保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,受豆蚜危害后,抗、感品种的可溶性糖含量均下降,抗虫品种可溶性糖含量下降71.698%;游离脯氨酸含量上升,抗、感品种分别上升400.000%、100.000%,且品种间均存在极显著差异;可溶性蛋白含量上升,但品种间差异不显著。抗、感绿豆品种受豆蚜危害后其保护酶POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、PPO(多酚氧化酶)和APX(抗坏血酸过氧化物酶)活性均上升,其中POD和APX活性在抗、感品种中分别上升66.886%、137.417%和21.367%、23.691%,但品种间差异均不显著;CAT活性在抗、感品种中均与未受害株间存在极显著差异,分别上升236.515%、124.426%;PPO活性在抗、感品种中分别上升359.674%、67.445%,受蚜害后品种间存在极显著差异。抗、感绿豆品种受豆蚜危害后,可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、CAT活性、PPO活性变化与绿豆品种的抗蚜性相关。

中国杂交稻组合汕优63上白背飞虱多发生的成因探讨

以汕优 6 3及其亲本、常规稻春江 11为材料 ,研究了白背飞虱在中国杂交稻品种汕优 6 3上大量发生的主要原因。从杂交稻汕优 6 3和常规粳稻春江 11上白背飞虱的发生情况来看 ,白背飞虱长翅型雌成虫的迁入密度和产卵数没有明显差异 ,种群的变化也一致。但汕优 6 3的卵孵化率较高 ,若虫种群密度也明显较高。从汕优 6 3及其亲本对白背飞虱的反应来看 ,汕优 6 3的恢复系明恢 6 3抑制白背飞虱的繁殖 ,但不育系珍汕 97A和保持系珍汕 97B对白背飞虱繁殖有促进作用。珍汕 97A和汕优 6 3的稻 飞虱间的干物质转化率基本相同 ,但汕优 6 3具有较高的干物质生产能力 ,可能使白背飞虱繁殖密度较高。日平均蜜露分泌量 ,以珍汕 97A和珍汕 97B最多 ,明恢 6 3最少 ,汕优 6 3居中。珍汕 97A的筛管液中大部分是主要氨基酸 ,浓度高于汕优 6 3和明恢 6 3。汕优 6 3与明恢 6 3的筛管液中氨基酸的总浓度基本相同 ,但微量氨基酸浓度高于明恢6 3。总的来看 ,汕优 6 3的白背飞虱繁殖率较高 ,主要原因在于不育系珍汕 97A的高感虫性和杂种优势的高干物质转化能力产生的耐受性 ,而不是珍汕 97A的白背飞虱感虫性和细胞质不育导致的。

Prevalence of clonorchiasis in patients with gastrointestinal disease: A Korean nationwide multicenter survey

AIM： To investigate prevalence of C/onorchis sinensis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, and the relation of the infection to hepatobiliary diseases in 26 hospitals in Korea. METHODS： Consecutive patients who had been admitted to the Division of Gastroenterology with gastrointestinal symptoms were enrolled from March to April 2005. Of those who had been diagnosed with clonorchiasis, epidemiology and correlation between infection and hepatobiliary diseases were surveyed by questionnaire. RESULTS： Of 3080 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, 396 （12.9%） had clonorchiasis and 1140 patients （37.2%） had a history of eating raw freshwater fish. Of those with a history of raw freshwater fish ingestion, 238 （20.9%） patients had clonorchiasis. Cholangiocarcinoma was more prevalent in C. sinensis-infected patients than nonnfected patients [34/396 （8.6%） vs 145/2684 （5.4%）, P = 0.015]. Cholangiocarcinoma and clonorchiasis showed statistically significant positive cross-relation （P = 0.008）. Choledocholithiasis, cholecystolithiasis, cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and biliary pancreatitis did not correlate with clonorchiasis. CONCLUSION： Infection rate of clonorchiasis was still high in patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Korea, and has not decreased very much during the last two decades. Cholangiocarcinoma was related to clonorchiasis, which suggested an etiological role for the parasite.

Susceptibility to AcMNPV and Expression of Recombinant Proteins by a Novel Cell Clone Derived from a Trichoplusia ni QAU-BTI-Tn9-4s Cell Line

It is well known that Tn5B1-4 (commercially known as the High Five) cell line is highly susceptible to baculovirus and provides superior production of recombinant proteins when compared to other insect cell lines.But the characteristics of the cell line do not always remain stable and may change upon continuous passage.Recently an alphanodavirus,named Tn5 Cell Line Virus (or TNCL Virus),was identified in High Five cells in particular.Therefore,we established a new cell line,QB-Tn9-4s,from Trichoplusia ni,which was determined to be free of TNCL virus by RT-PCR analysis.In this paper,we describe the development of a novel cell clone,QB-CL-B,from a low passage QB-Tn9-4s cell line and report its susceptibility to AcMNPV,and the level of recombinant protein production.This cell clone was similar to its parental cells QB-Tn9-4s and Tn5B1-4 cells in morphology and growth rate;although it also showed approximately the same responses to AcMNPV infection and production of occlusion bodies,there were higher levels of recombinant protein production in comparison to QB-Tn9-4s (parental cells) and High5 cells.

Sex-Related Larval Susceptibility of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera：Plutellidae） to some Reduced-Risk Insecticides

Five reduced-risk insecticides were compared for their toxicities to male and female third instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella L. （Lepidoptera：Plutellidae） obtained from a laboratory colony. Leaf-dip bioassays were used to assess larval mortality at different insecticides rates （ranging from 0.01 mg AI/L to 100 mg A1/L） and exposure times （24, 48 and 72 h after treatment）. Toxicity of the insecticides generally increased with rate and exposure time. At 72 h after treatment, median lethal concentrations （LCs0s） of methoxyfenozide, spinosad, novaluron, indoxacarb and Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） against the male third instar larvae of P, xylostella were 0.0524, 0.1117, 0.9149, 1.1939 and 4.4983 mg AI/L, respectively, and were 0.1008, 0.2583, 1.0649, 0.2850 and 5.3053 mg AI/L against female third instar larvae, respectively. At 0.1% of the approximate recommended field rates, methoxyfenozide （60%-75%） and spinosad （53%-57%） were the most toxic, while Bt （30%-45% mortality） was the least toxic to male and female P. xylostella larvae. Spinosad was the fastest acting and the only insecticide that caused significant larval mortality （17%） at 24 h after exposure. Significant sexual differences were recorded in the susceptibility of P. xylostella larvae to two of the insecticides： spinosad and indoxacarb. Male larvae were two-fold more susceptible to spinosad but 10-fold more tolerant to indoxacarb than female larvae.

Relative Susceptibility of Four Coleopteran Stored-product Insects to Diatomaceous Earth SilicoSec

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth （DE）, SilicoSec against Callosobruchus maculatus （F.）, Rhyzopertha dominica （F.）, Sitophilus zeamais （Motschulsky）, and Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） in cowpea, maize and wheat, at 25-32 ℃ and 54-68% relative humidity （r.h.）. SilicoSec was applied at rates： 0 （untreated control） 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 mg/kg of commodity. Adult mortality was measured after 3 to14 days of exposure. Progeny production was assessed after 40 or 56 days. The tested species varied in sensitivity to SilicoSec, with S. zeamais being most susceptible, but no significant differences in mortality levels observed between R. dominica, C. maculatus or T, castaneum after three days of exposure. After 5 days of exposure, all C. maculates adults died on cowpea treated at 1,000 mg/kg. Similarly, after 14 days of exposure all adults of the other species died on grains treated at 1,000 mg/kg, and were ranked in decreasing order of susceptibility S. zeamais 〉T castaneurn 〉 R. dominica. SilicoSec treatments suppressed progeny production （30 to 100%） in all the tested species. The implications of these findings to DE-based control strategy are discussed.

Clinical presentation and management of Fasciola hepatica infection:Single-center experience

AIM:To identify the characteristic clinical,laboratory and radiological findings and response to treatment in patients with fascioliasis.METHODS:Patients who were diagnosed with Fasciola hepatica infection were included in this prospective study.Initial clinical,laboratory and radiological findings were recorded.All patients were followed until a complete response was achieved or for 6 mo after treatment discontinuation.RESULTS:Fasciola hepatica infection was diagnosed in 30 patients(24 females;mean age:42.6 years) between January 2008 and February 2011.Twentytwo(73%) patients had hepatic phase fascioliasis,5 patients had biliary phase,and 3 patients had biliary phase associated with acute pancreatitis.Of the 8 patients with biliary phase fascioliasis,2 patients displayed features that overlapped with both hepatic and biliary phase.Abdominal pain and right upper abdominal tenderness were the most prominent signs and symptoms in all patients.Eosinophilia was the most prominent laboratory abnormality in both patients with hepatic and biliary phase(100% and 50%,respectively).Multiple nodular lesions like micro-abscesses on abdominal computerized tomography were the main radiological findings in patients with hepatic phase.Small linear filling defects in the distal choledochus were the main endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) findings in patients with biliary phase.Patients with hepatic phase were treated with triclabendazole alone,and patients with biliary phase were treated with triclabendazole and had live Fasciola hepatica extracted from the bile ducts during ERCP.CONCLUSION:Fasciola hepatica infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with hepatic or biliary disease and/or acute pancreatitis associated with eosinophilia.

Optimization of Blanching Time, Sodium Metabisulphite （Na2S205） Concentration and Processing Time on Vitamin C Content, Microbial Quality and Sensory Characteristics during Canning of Green Pepper （Capsicum sinensis） Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration （0%-2%） on vitamin C content, hardness （texture）, microbial count and color intensity of green pepper （Capsicum sinensis） during canning. Blanching, processing time and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration all had variable effects on the vitamin C, microbial quality and sensory characteristics of the canned green peppers. Significant （P 〈 0.05） interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients （78.7%-97.0%）. Increasing processing time caused significant decreases in vitamin C and microbial load of the product. However, salt concentration had only marginal and insignificant effect on the vitamin C content of the canned product. Sensory evaluation on the product showed that both the pre-processing conditions and of blanching and salt concentrations, and the processing time had varied effects on the color and hardness of the products. Hardness of the canned products generally decreased with increasing processing time and blanching time, while only minimal and insignificant effects were noted with blanching time. Increasing blanching time caused significant increasing retention of the dark green color of the peppers with only slight but insignificant increases noted with processing time, while increases in salt concentration consistently reduced the dark green color of the products. The optimum pre-processing and processing conditions that yielded products with high preference and consumer-acceptability were： blanching time of 0 min, processing time of 10 min and sodium metabisulphite concentration of 0.2%.

Energy Intensity and Fitness Cost of Cotton aphid Exposure to Neonicotinoids

Three populations of Aphis gossypii of distinct susceptibility to neonicotinoids show differences in the accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves, what may allow the production of their defensive tools against two neonicotinoid insecticides without impairing their reproductive performance. Bioassays were also carried out for these aphid populations. According to the results obtained, the Ag-R population showed resistant rate significantly higher than the other two populations. Levels of some biochemical characteristics were determined in the resistant, susceptible and semi susceptible populations of cotton aphid. The results obtained in the assays with biochemical parameters indicated significant differences in activity among the populations, with higher activity in using glycogen in the Ag-R population. The inverse activity trends oft （generation time） and DT （doubling time） in both resistant and susceptible populations, one showing fitness disadvantage without insecticide exposure and the other not showing it, may underlay the mitigation of insecticide resistance physiological costs observed in the Ag-R population.

Submicroscopic Plasmodial Infection May Lead to Severe Malaria in Children

Malaria is one of the leading causes of consultation in African pediatric hospitals. In Gabon, malaria transmission is perennial. Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for the most severe form of the disease, represents more than 95% of all species. In P. falciparum infection, the hyperparasitemia accounts among the main criteria of disease severity. However, in many endemic countries, a significant decrease of malaria burden accompanying with the diminution of parasite load in infected individuals has been demonstrated. The objective of the study was to analyze the occurrence of febrile syndrome in childhood and investigate whether the acute febrile illness could be associated with P. falciparum submicroscopic infection. A cross-sectional study was carried out during January to March 2013 in Franceville. A total of 203 acute febrile children were enrolled. A clinical examination and biomedical analysis including parasitological diagnosis by microscope were carried out in all the patients and PCR on microscope negative ones. Of 203 children recruited for febrile syndrome, 111 have been diagnosed positive for P. falciparum infection, 73 （35.9%） by microscope （ME） and 38 （18.71%） by PCR （submicroscopic infection = SM1） with an overall prevalence of 54.68%. Of the 11 1 P. falciparum infected individuals and according to the WHO criteria, 35 （31.53%） children showed a clinical picture of severe malaria against 76 （68.47%） others classified as uncomplicated malaria. The overall prevalence rates were therefore estimated as 17.24 （35/203） for severe cases and 37.43% （76/203） for uncomplicated ones. Clinically, these severe malaria cases （27 ME＋ and 8 PCR＋） were mainly composed of 85.71% of anaemic patients （30/35）, 71.14% of prostrated individuals （25/35） and 57.14% of children with clinical icterus （20/35）. However, only two cases of severe anaemia were observed, the remaining others cases were moderate （10） and mild anaemia （18）. More interestingly, eight submicroscopic infected patients （22.85%） were found with neurological manifestations （prostration） and all were experiencing thrombocytopenia. Lastly, 1 hyperparasitemia, 6 hypoglycemia and 2 respiratory distresses were also observed among these severe malaria cases. P. falciparum submicroscopic infection may lead to severe malaria in perennial transmission area.

Area-wide Detection of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Dairy Animals from the Khartoum State, Sudan

Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of reproductive failure in man and farm animals resulting in significant socio-economic losses worldwide. The aim of this study was to avail large scale data-regarding the sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection in dairy animals from the Khartoum State, Sudan using the commercially available Latex Agglutination Diagnostic kits. The study revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection at herd level of dairy animals in the State was 92.7%. The within herd seroprevalence was ranging from 8% up to 100% with mean of 51.3% in different herds of different dairy animals species in the State. Only 6 herds, 3 herds, 3 herds and 1 herd of cattle, camel sheep and goat respectively were found to be clean from anti-T, gondii antibody in the present study. Interestingly, most of the clean herds （12 herds） are located in the Khartoum district. The differences between the three districts, the seven localities and the four animal species were statistically highly significant （P 〈 0.01）. The overall sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection in dairy animals--at individual level--was 45.3%. Sheep scored the highest seroprevalence rate （75.0%） followed by goats （64.0%）, camels （54.1%） and cattle （40.9%） with high statistically significant differences （P 〈 0.01）. The highest level of antibody titration was reported in sheep and goats. This is the first area-wide and large scale report on seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in dairy animals from the Sudan. It was concluded that dairy animals in the Sudan are widely exposed to T. gondii and people in the Sudan should be aware of the possibility of hyper-prevalence of human toxoplasmosis through these food animals. Research on clinical toxoplasmosis in dairy animals and human in the Sudan is recommended to evaluate the role T. gondii infection in economical losses in dairy farm industry and for building strategy of sustainable toxoplasmosis control.

Effect of Plasmodium yoelii YM Infection on Vaccination with 19 kDa Carboxylterminus of the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP1_(19))

We have previously demonstrated the ability of malaria parasites to interfere with specific immune responses. CD4 T cells specific to parasite antigens, but not CD4 T cells specific to an irrelevant antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), are de- leted via apoptosis during malaria infection. It is of interest, therefore, to investigate the immune responses that developed following vaccination with the 19 kDa carboxylterminus of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) in mice that had previ- ously experienced malaria infection. In this study, pre-exposure of mice to Plasmodium yoelii elicited native anti-MSP119 an- tibody responses, which could be boosted by vaccination with recombinant MSP119 . likewise, infection of MSP119-primed mice with Plasmodium yoelii ( P . yoelii) led to an increase of anti-MSP119 antibodies. MSP119 vaccination of malaria pre- exposed mice or immunization by infection/cure of MSP119-primed mice enabled the mice to survive challenge infection, with the former group having slightly lower parasitaemia. The data suggest that exposure to malaria infection primes a natural im- mune response which can be boosted by vaccination. This information is relevant to the development of a vaccine for use in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas.

Giardia infection:Protein-losing enteropathy in an adult with immunodeficiency

The case of a 52-year-old woman with a past history of thymoma resection who presented with chronic diarrhea and generalized edema is the focal point of this article.A diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infection was established,which was complicated by protein-losing enteropathy and severely low serum protein level in a patient with no urinary protein loss and normal liver function.After anti-helmintic treatment,there was recovery from hypoalbuminemia,though immunoglobulins persisted at low serum levels leading to the hypothesis of an immune system disorder.Good's syndrome is a rare cause of immunodeficiency characterized by the association of hypogammaglobulinemia and thymoma.This primary immune disorder may be complicated by severe infectious diarrhea secondary to disabled humoral and cellular immune response.This is the first description in the literature of an adult patient with an immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with protein-losing enteropathy secondary to giardiasis.

The Post-exposure Effects of Spinosad and Plant Allelochemicals on Biological Characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera： Noctuvidae)

In order to define the combined effects of spinosad and plant allelochemicals on Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera:Noctuvidae), the research fed them on artificial diets with different doses of spinosad, gossypol, quercetin and tannicacid, and the changes of pupal and imaginal biological characteristics were observed and recorded. The results showed that spinosad at sublethal concentrations decreased pupation ratio and pupal weight, prolonged prepupal and pupal periods, and decreased emergence ratio, fecundity and longevity of adults. Combined with plant allelochemicals, spinosad significantly prolonged pupal period and shorten adult longevity. Other life-cycle parameters such as pupation ratio, pupal weights, emergence ratio, eggs laid per female and hatch ratio did not change significantly. The results clearly indicated that plant allelochemicals did not change spinosad efficiency on H. armigera, but the combination of spinosad and plant allelochemicals might affect pest population dynamics significantly by changing its development.

DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECTICIDES BETWEEN ADULTS AND LARVAE OF HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA(L.)

In this paper,we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.),and the mechanisms for the differences.The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults,and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain.Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae.The co\|toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4∶1) on pyrethroid\|resistant houseflies was 188.