Scanning Electron Microscopy of Antennae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

The morphology of antennae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that both male and female were fourteen segmented, the male was approximately 2000 μm and the female was 1050μm. Six types of sensillae on the antenna were observed, viz. chaetica （Ch）, trichoidea （Tr）, basiconica （Ba）, cavity （Ca）, styloid （St） and circumfila （Ci） on the antennae of A. aphidimyza. Sensillae Ch had a long external-process, with a base surrounded by membranous sockets and a length of about 67.5 μm. Sensillae Tr were distally curved and inserted into a depression, 61.0μm long. Sensillae Ba were peg-like and 4.7μm long on the antennae. Sensillae Ca were pit-like in appearance and the diameter of the pit was 1.2μm. Sensilla St was found on the second sub-segment flagellum of the male antennae. The length of the sensilla was about 21 μm and the diameter was 1.5μm. The circurnfila, which are a unique type of sensilla found only on cecidomyiid antennae, formed loops around each of the antennal sub-segments, and were attached to the surface by a series of stalks. Sensilla St was only present on male antenna. The number of Ba and Tr was almost the same in both sexes. There were more Sensilla Ca on the male antenna than on the female, while there was more Ch on the female.

MATERIAL SURFACE THERMAL PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION USING HEAT FLUX TACTILE SENSOR

Eased on the mechanism of temperature tactile sensing of human finger,a heat flux tactile sensor com- posed of a thermostat module and a heat flux sensor is designed to identify material thermal properties. The ther- mostat module maintains the sensor temperature invariable, and the heat flux sensor（Peltier device） detects the heat flux temperature difference between the thermostat module and the object surface. Two different modes of the heat flux tactile sensor are proposed, and they are simulated and experimented for different material objects. The results indicate that the heat flux tactile sensor can effectively identify different thermal properties.

NOISE EFFECT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF FLIP FLOP SENSOR

This paper presents a new class of semiconductor integrated sensor which consists of sensitive components and flip flop circuit. The sensors have high sensitivity and digital output. This paper describes the operating principle and structure of the sensor. And noise effect on characteristics of the sensor is analysed in detail. The modulated effect of the triangular wave voltage is quantified. As an example, an integrated pressure sensor is introduced and the experimental results agree with the theoretical analyses.

Antennal morphology of the cicada Meimuna mongolica (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a deduction of its nymphal instars and discussion of the antennal morphological variations in relation to niche changes

The morphology of antennal sensilla of both nymphs and adults in the cicada Meimuna mongolica （Distant） were studied. Four instars of M. mongolica （Distant） were preliminarily determined using Dyar＇s rule and a regression analysis of the head width of nymphs, combined with the comparative morphology of antennae of different stage nymphs and adults. The antennae of nymphs in different instars and adults show great morphological variations. The numbers, types and distribution of antennal sensilla in nymphs and adults of M. mongolica are significantly different, which should be closely related to the niche changes of the nymphs and adults, and provide implications for the development stages of this cicada.

Coordinate unification method of high-precision composite measurement in two dimensions

Multi-sensor coordinate unification in dimensional metrology is used in order to get holistic, more accurate and reliable information about a workpiece based on several or multiple measurement values from one or more sensors. Because of the problem that standard ball is deficient as a standard artifact in the coordinate unification of high-precision composite measurement in two dimensions （2D） , a new method is proposed in this paper which uses angle gauge blocks as standard artifacts to achieve coordinate unification between the image sensor and the tactile probe. By comparing the standard ball with the angle gauge block as a standard artifact, theoretical analysis and experimental results are given to prove that it is more precise and more convenient to use angle gauge blocks as standard artifacts to achieve coordinate unification of high-precision composite measurement in two dimensions.

Optical fiber based slide tactile sensor for underwater robots

In the underwater environment, many visual sensors don’t work, and many sensors which work well for robots working in space or on land can not be used underwater. Therefore, an optical fiber slide tactile sensor was designed based on the inner modulation mechanism of optical fibers. The principles and structure of the sensor are explained in detail. Its static and dynamic characteristics were analyzed theoretically and then simulated. A dynamic characteristic model was built and the simulation made using the GA based neural network. In order to improve sensor response, the recognition model of the sensor was designed based on the ‘inverse solution’ principle of neural networks, increasing the control precision and the sensitivity of the manipulator.

Optical Fiber Type Slide Tactile Sensor Used for Underwater Robot

Because of the special underwater environment, many sensors used well in robots working in space or on the land can not be used in the underwater. So an optical fiber type slide tactile sensor is designed by the inner modulation mechanism of the intensity type optical fiber. The principle and structure of the sensor are introduced in detail. The static and dynamic characteristics are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The dynamic characteristic model is built and the simulation is made by using genetic algorithm based on neural network. In order to use the sensor perfectly, the recognition model of the sensor is built on the basis of the principle of “inverse solution” using neural networks. The control precision and sensitivity of the manipulator are improved.

Non—touch Fiber—optic Reflective Displacement Sensor for Roller Wear

By accurately measuring the displacement between the roller surface and the optical fiber probe relative to a null position, we can test the roller wear. The whole testing method and system were introduced. Each part of the testing system was illustrated. And also a novel fiber-optic sensor with three probes in equal transverse space is adopted. Using this sensor, the effects of fluctuations in the light source, reflectivity changing of target surface and the intensity losses in the fiber lines are automatically compensated. This method offers such advantages as non-contact, no electromagnetic interference, simplicity, low cost, high sensitivity, good accuracy and stability.

Force Sensing Resistor and Its Applicationto Robotic Control

Abstract: The force sensing resistor (FSR) and its con’struction and characteristic are described. By using the optimal electronic interface, the end result which is a direct proportionality between force and voltage is obtained. The circuits of application for force and position measurements in the robotic control are given. The experiment that FSRs are placed on the fingers of BH - 1 dexterous hand as tactile sensors to measure the contacting forces shows FSR’s force sensitivity is optimized for use in the control of robot contacting with environment.

A FAULT DETECTION SENSOR FOR CIRCUIT AGING USING DOUBLE-EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP-FLOP

In nanoscale technology, transistor aging is one of the most critical problems that impact on the reliability of circuits. Aging sensor is a good online way to detect the circuit aging, which performs during the operating time with no influence of the normal operation of circuits. In this paper, a Dou- ble-edge-triggered Detection Sensor for circuit Aging （DSDA） is proposed, which employs data signal of logic circuits as its clock to control the sampling process. The simulation is done by Hspice using 45 nm technology. The results show that this technique is not case of the detection precision is more than 80% under aging fault effectively with the 8% power cost and 30% sensitive to the process variations. The worst the different process variations. It can detect performance cost.

Study on Coaxiality Measurement System of Compound Gear Shaft Based on Non⁃contact Optic

Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional contact measurement methods such as low measurement efficiency,high cost and low accuracy,a non-contact optical measurement method based on the laser displacement sensor is proposed.According to the relevant regulations of the coaxiality error evaluation standard and the structural characteristics of the compound gear shaft,we have designed and built a set of supporting software system as well as a hardware test platform.In this paper,the distance difference threshold and scale threshold methods are used to eliminate outlier data.The least squares circle is selected to calculate the center of the circle and the minimum containment cylinder axis method is used as the reference axis of the composite gear shaft.Compensated by the standard step shaft calibration,the coaxiality error of the composite gear shaft can be measured to be within 0.01 mm in less than two minutes.The range value of the multi-section measurement test is 0.065 mm.The average coaxiality error is∅0.476 mm.

Laser triangulation measurement of the level in a coal silo

Laser triangulation theory was used to develop a novel contact-free method for measuring the coal level in a silo under harsh environmental conditions found in coal mines, such as the presence of dense dust, high humidity, and low illumination. A laser source and a camera were mounted at the top of the silo. The laser spot projected into the silo was imaged by the camera. The pinhole imaging principle allows the level to be found from the lateral shift of the spot image on the sensor. A pre-calibrated look-up table of the coal depth versus spot position was used to obtain the depth. The measurement accuracy depends on the step size used during pre-calibration. The actual application of a device designed according to these principles shows that it is easy to implement. The detection of the coal level in a silo at the low illumination level found in coal mines is demonstrated.

Haptic Interface with Magnetic Field Sensitive Elastomer

Sense of touch is one of the important information from environment for human to live in daily life. Haptic interface is a hot topic in virtual reality but almost all of the devices focus on fingers and hands as targets. In this paper, we focus on the foot haptic device with magnetic flied sensitive elastomer （MSE）. We developed a haptic unit used as a magnetic field generator for MSE and contact point of foot haptic device. MSE samples mixed with 80 wt% carbonyl iron particles were prepared and evaluated with the developed magnet. Experimental results show that the mechanical property of the haptic unit can be modeled with the adjustable friction element. This property has a good advantage for the haptic unit.

Development of a Haptic Interface with Proximity Sensors and Vibration Motors

As described in this paper, we propose a new haptic interface for a service robot. For safety with service robots working in a space where people live, some notification before collision with an obstacle is desirable. To achieve such a function, we developed a master-slave manipulator system in which the slave manipulator surface is covered with many proximity sensors. Additionally, we developed a haptic device that feeds back proximity sense information to the operator using small vibration motors. We attached the haptic device to the arm of the operator and vibrated the vibration motor corresponding to the sensor. Thereby, the operator was able to ascertain the position of an object near the manipulator, and to make the robot maneuver to avoid it before collision. To confirm the system usefulness, we equipped subjects with the developed proximity sense presentation device and performed a detection-position-specific experiment and an obstacle avoidance experiment in a narrow space. As results of the detection position specific experiment on five subjects, four subjects reported the detection position correctly. The remaining one person failed because of his particular arm shape. Operation experiments conducted in a narrow space showed that all subjects＇ work was successful when given feedback of proximity sense information. Nobody was successful without proximity sense information. Results of these two experiments demonstrate that this proposed system is useful for obstacle avoidance of a master-slave manipulator system.

Flexible and transparent capacitive pressure sensor with patterned microstructured composite rubber dielectric for wearable touch keyboard application

The development of pressure sensors with highly sensitivity, fast response and facile fabrication technique is desirable for wearable electronics. Here, we successfully fabricated a flexible transparent capacitive pressure sensor based on patterned microstructured silver nanowires(AgNWs)/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) composite dielectrics. Compared with the pure PDMS dielectric layer with planar structures, the patterned microstructured sensor exhibits a higher sensitivity(0.831 kPa^-1, <0.5 kPa), a lower detection limit,good stability and durability. The enhanced sensing mechanism about the conductive filler content and the patterned microstructures has also been discussed. A 5×5 sensor array was then fabricated to be used as flexible and transparent wearable touch keyboards systems. The fabricated pressure sensor has great potential in the future electronic skin area.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ANTENNAE OF COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA (COCCINELLIDAE: COLEOPTERA)

Scanning electron microscopy was done to describe the morphology of antennaof adult male and fe- male ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata . Eleven-segmented, scaly antennawas 950μm in male and 980 μm in female. Electron micrographs reveal the occurrence of eight typesof sensillae, viz. chaetica ( Ch) , trichoidea (Tr) , basiconica (Ba) , campaniformia (Ca) ,ampucellaceous (Am) , scolopalia (Sc) , placoidea (PI) and hook shaped sensilla on the antennae ofmale and female ladybeetles. Ch had long external-process, with base surrounded by membranous socketand the length was 60 and 70 μm in male and female ladybeetle, respectively. Sensillae Tr weredistally curved and inserted into depression, 9.0 and 15 μm long in male and female ladybeetle,respectively. Sensillae Ba were cuticular peg-like and 0.57 and 0.70 μm long on the male and femaleantennae. Sensillae Ca were small dome-like and had diameter of 3.0μm in both the sexes. SensillaeAm were pit-like in appearance and the diameter of the pit was 1.2 and 1.5 in male and femaleladybeetle, respectively. Sensillae PI were elliptical sunken plates like in both the sexes.Sensillae Sc were broad at their apex and pointed at their tip, 2.5μm. A single hook-shapedsensilla of 21.0 μm in length was present on male antenna only. Ch, Ca, Am, and PI were almostsimilar in numbers in both the sexes. Sensillae Tr were more numerous on the male antenna and Bawere more numerous on the female antenna.

Piezotronic effect enhanced Schottky-contact ZnO micro/nanowire humidity sensors

A ZnO micro/nanowire has been utilized to fabricate Schottky-contacted humidity sensors based on a metal-semiconductor-metal （M-S-M） structure. By means of the piezotronic effect, the signal level, sensitivity and sensing resolution of the humidity sensor were significantly enhanced when applying an external strain. Since a higher Schottky barrier markedly reduces the signal level, while a lower Schottky barrier decreases the sensor sensitivity due to increased ohmic transport, a 0.22% compressive strain was found to optimize the performance of the humidity sensor, with the largest responsivity being 1,240%. The physical mechanism behind the observed mechanical-electrical behavior was carefully studied by using band structure diagrams. This work provides a promising way to significantly enhance the overall performance of a Schottky-contact structured micro/nanowire sensor.

Dual functional transparent film for proximity and pressure sensing

Over the past few years, the rapid development of tactile sensing technology has contributed significantly to the realization of intuitional touch control and intelligent human-machine interaction. Apart from physical touch or pressure sensing, proximity sensing as a complementary function can extend the detection mode of common single functional tactile sensors. In this work, we present a transparent, matrix-structure dual functional capacitive sensor which integrates the capability of proximity and pressure sensing in one device, and the excellent spatial resolution offered by the isolated response of capacitive pixels enables us to realize precise location identification of approaching objects and loaded pressure with fast response, high stability and high reversibility.

Flexible PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator for instantaneous force sensing and human joint movement monitoring

Flexible wearable sensors with excellent electric response and self-powered capability have become an appealing hotspot for personal healthcare and human-machine interfaces.Here,based on triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG),a flexible self-powered tactile sensor composed of micro-frustum-arrays-structured polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film/copper(Cu)electrodes,and poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene)(P(VDF-TrFE))nanofibers has been demonstrated.The TENG-based self-powered tactile sensor can generate electrical signals through the contact-separation process of two triboelectric layers under external mechanical stimuli.Due to the uniform and controllable micro-frustum-arrays structure fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)process and the P(VDF-TrFE)nanofibers fabricated by electrostatic spinning,the flexible PDMS-based sensor presents high sensitivity of 2.97 V kPa^-1,stability of 40,000 cycles(no significant decay),response time of 60 ms at 1 Hz,low detection pressure of a water drop(~4 Pa,35 mg)and good linearity of 0.99231 in low pressure region.Since the PDMS film presents ultra-flexibility and excellent-biocompatibility,the sensor can be comfortably attached on human body.Furthermore,the tactile sensor can recognize various types of human body movements by the corresponding electrical signals.Therefore,the as-prepared TENGs are potential on the prospects of gesture detection,health assessment,human-machine interfaces and so on.