一种新发现的动物原虫病－新孢子虫病

一种新发现的动物原虫病－新孢子虫病聂奎，彭国庆综述宋泽奎审核（四川畜牧兽医学院）新孢子虫病（Ｎｅｏｓｐｏｒｏｓｉｓ）是由新孢子虫寄生于犬、牛、猫、蓝狐和啮齿动物的一种致命性原虫感染。近年来才被人们发现并开始引起重视［２［［３］。由于新孢子虫寄生于动物...

关于猪感染肉孢子虫的调查报告

以猪为中间宿主的肉孢子虫有猪犬肉孢子虫(S·suicanis)、猪猫肉孢子虫(S·suifelis)和猪人肉孢子虫(S.suihominis)三种。终宿主分别是犬、猫或人.鉴于多量摄取带有猪人肉孢子虫包囊的肉时,引起类似食物中毒样症状,所以对猪的肉孢子虫的实际感染情况进行了调查.另外,对检查方法也进行了若干研究.

山羊感染肉孢子虫的报告

肉孢子虫的中间宿主是草食动物、禽类等,寄生于中间宿主的肌肉内,如果人食入未加工熟的肉及肉制品,会感染本病,影响到公共卫生问题,所以该病是养殖场重点防范的寄生虫病之一。本文报道了通过临床解剖症状和实验室诊断方法,诊断了一例山羊感染肉孢子虫病的病例。

普遍的质速关系和狭义相对论

依据相对性原理以及动量守恒和能量守恒定律,无需利用光速不变假设和具体的时空变换关系证明相对论能量必须正比于相对论质量。通过建立和求解质速关系的微分方程,自动给出极限速度vm,并得到一种普遍适用的相对论质速关系。该质速关系既适用于具有静质量且运动速度小于极限速度的"慢子",又适用于不具有静质量且运动速度大于极限速度的"快子"以及运动速度等于极限速度的"常子"。在此基础上可确定运动学时空变换的广义洛伦兹变换公式以及动力学的质能关系和能量-动量关系,从而建立一种更为普遍的狭义相对论理论。无论是否存在无静质量的"快子"和"常子",无论是否发现超光速现象,新的相对论理论都是成立并自洽的。极限速度的具体取值可由实验测量确定,若取vm=c,就回到传统相对论的公式,光速不变则成为相对论的一个推论。

Antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi (Polygalae Radix) extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in rats: modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway

Objective To investigate the antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi(Polygalae Radix;PR)aqueous extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression rat models and the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into control;model;low dose of PR(PR-L;0.5 g/kg);high dose of PR(PR-H;1 g/kg);and fluoxetine(10 mg/kg)groups;with 8 rats in each group.Except for the rats in control group;those in the other four groups underwent CUMS-induced depression modeling.PR and fluoxetine were administered intragastrically once daily;30 min prior to the CUMS procedure;for 14 consecu-tive days until the behavioral tests were performed.After CUMS modeling;the sucrose prefer-ence test(SPT);open field test(OFT);novelty-suppressed feeding test(NSFT);forced swim test(FST);and tail suspension test(TST)were employed to assess the pharmacological ef-fects of PR on the mitigation of depressive-like behaviors in rat models.Additionally;the en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was utilized to quantify the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α;interleukin(IL)-6;and IL-1βin the rats.Western blot analysis was al-so conducted to evaluate the protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB);in-ducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS);cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3);apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain(ASC);and caspase-1 in the hippocampal tissues of the rats.Immunofluorescence staining was per-formed to observe the morphological changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 positive(Iba-1+)cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)of rats with CUMS-induced depression.Results(i)Treatment with PR-H and fluoxetine resulted in significant enhancements in both the total distance and time the rats moved during tests(P<0.01 and P<0.05;respectively).Post-administration of PR-H and fluoxetine also led to statistically significant increase in su-crose preference among rats(P<0.05).Besides;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine treatment markedly decreased the latency of ingestion(P<0.05;P<0.05;and P<0.01;respectively).As observed from the FST;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine presented antidepressant effects on rats with CUMS-induced depression;leading to the reduction in time of their immobility(P<0.05;P<0.01;and P<0.01;respectively).The results of TST indicated reduced immobility time in rats receiving PR-H and fluoxetine treatment as well(P<0.01).(ii)Rats in model group showed an increase in the levels of Iba-1+microglia in their left and right brains in compari-son with control group(P<0.01).However;such increase was negated post PR treatment(P<0.01).Treatment with PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine considerably reduced the levels of inflam-matory factors(TNF-α;IL-1β;and IL-6;P<0.01).In addition;treatment of PR-L and PR-H ef-fectively counteracted the elevated levels of NLRP3;ASC;and caspase-1;and markedly down-regulated the expression levels of phosphorylated p65(p-p65);COX-2;and iNOS in rats’hip-pocampus(P<0.01).Conclusion Collectively;these findings indicate that PR exerts an antidepressant effect on rats with CUMS-induced depression partially through the modulation of the NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Thickness Impacts of Vacancy Defects in Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin Films Using Slow Positron Beam

Thickness effects of thin La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 （LSMO） films on （LaAlOa）0.3（Sr2AlTaO6）0.7 substrates were examined by a slow positron beam technique. Doppler-broadening line shape parameter S was measured as a function of thickness and differnt annealing conditions. Results reveal there could be more than one mechanism to induce vacancy-like defects. It was found that strain-induced defects mainly influence the S value of the in situ oxygenambience annealing LSMO thin films and the strain could vanish still faster along with the increase of thickness, and the oxygen-deficient induced defects mainly affect the S value of post-annealing LSMO films.

Overexpression of lentivirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in bone marrow stromal cells and its neuroprotection for the PC12 cells damaged by lactacystin

Objective To construct recombinant lentiviral vectors for gene delivery of the glial cell line-derived neurotropnic factor （GDNF）, and evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GDNF on lactacystin-damaged PC12 cells by transfecting it into bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs）. Methods pLenti6/V5-GDNF plasmid was set up by double restriction enzyme digestion and ligation, and then the plasmid was transformed into Top10 cells. Purified pLenti6/V5-GDNF plasmids from the positive clones and the packaging mixture were cotransfected to the 293FT packaging cell line by Lipofectamine2000 to produce lentivirus, then the concentrated virus was transduced to BMSCs. Overexpression of GDNF in BMSCs was tested by RT-PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry, and its neuroprotection for lactacystin-damaged PC12 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results Virus stock of GDNF was harvested with the titer of 5.6×10^5 TU/mL. After tmnsduction, GDNF-BMSCs successfully secreted GDNF to supematant with nigher concentration （800 pg/mL） than BMSCs did （less than 100 pg/mL）. The supematant of GDNF-BMSCs could significantly alleviate the damage of PC12 cells induced by lactacystin （10 μmol/L）. Conclusion Overexpression of lentivirus-mediated GDNF in the BMSCs cells can effectively protect PC12 cells from the injury by the proteasome inhibitor.

Slow photons for solar fuels

Converting solar energy into hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels through photocatalytic H2production and CO2photoreduction is a highly promising approach to address growing demand for clean andrenewable energy resources.However,solar‐to‐fuel conversion efficiencies of current photocatalysts are not sufficient to meet commercial requirements.The narrow window of solar energy that can be used has been identified as a key reason behind such low photocatalytic reaction efficiencies.The use of photonic crystals,formed from multiple material components,has been demonstrated to be an effective way of improving light harvesting.Within these nanostructures,the slow‐photon effect,a manifestation of light‐propagation control,considerably enhances the interaction between light and the semiconductor components.This article reviews recent developments in the applications of photonic crystals to photocatalytic H2production and CO2reduction based on slow photons.These advances show great promise for improving light harvesting in solar‐energy conversion technologies.

Polymorphisms of some cytokines and chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection

AIM： To study the relationship between the polymorphisms in some cytokines and the outcome of hepatitis B virus （HBV） and hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection. METHODS： Samples were obtained from 203 patients infected with HBV and/or HCV while donating plasma in 1987, and 74 controls were obtained from a rural area of North China. Antibodies to HBV or HCV antigens were detected by enzyme-linked imrnunoassay. The presence of viral particles in the serum was determined by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Hepatocellular injury, as revealed by alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase level, was detected by a Beckman LX-20 analyzer. DNA was extracted from blood cells. Then, the single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-2-330, IFN-γ＋874, IL-10-1082/-592 and IL-4-589 were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR or sequence specific primer-PCR.RESULTS： Persistent infection with HBV, HCV, and HBV/HCV coinfection was associated with IL-2-330 TT genotype and T allele, IFN-γ＋874 AA genotype, and IL-10-1082 AA genotype. The clinical outcome of HBV and/or HCV infection was associated with IL-2-330 TT genotype and T allele, IFN-γ＋874 AA genotype, and IL-10-1082 AA genotype. IL-2-330 GG genotype frequency showed a negative correlation with clinical progression, IL-10-1082 AA genotype frequency showed a positive correlation and IL-10-1082 AG genotype frequency showed a negative correlation with clinical progression. HCV RNA positive expression was associated with IL-10-1082 AA genotype and the A allele frequency. Abnormal serum ALT level was associated with IL-10-592 AC genotype frequency and IL-4-589 CC genotype, CT genotype, and the C allele. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that polymorphisms in some cytokine genes influence persistent HBV and HCV infection, clinical outcome, HCV replication, and liver damage.

Expression of SOCS-1 in the liver tissues of chronic hepatitis B and its clinical significance

AIM： To study the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 （SOCS-1） in the liver tissues of chronic hepatitis 13 （CHB） and the clinical significance of this expression. METHODS： The expression of SOCS-1 in liver tissues of 45 cases of CHB was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, and its correlations with inflammation grades and fibrosis stage were analyzed by SPSS statistics software. RESULTS： The result showed SOCS-1 expressing could be observed in the liver tissue of CriB. The expression of SOCS-1 was mainly distributed near the portal area in the liver tissue of mild inflammation CriB group, and was diffusely distributed in the liver tissue of moderate and severe inflammation groups. SOCS-1 positive stains mainly appear in the hepatocytes, only a few of liver interstitial cells were involved. Inside the hepatocyte, SOCS-1 positive stains are mainly distributed in the plasma. Some of the staining was observed on the membrane. The inclusion bodies in the plasma of hepatocytes were observed occasionally. There were both obvious correlations between the expression of SOCS-1 and the inflammatory grade, and that between the expression of SOCS-1 and the fibrosis stage, CONCLUSION： The distribution of SOCS-1 in the liver tissue of CriB is variable. This expression was correlated with the inflammation grade and fibrosis stage.

Molecular characteristics and stages of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the natural stages of chronic HBV infection. A dynamic balance between viral replication and host immune response is pivotal to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Knowledge of the HBV genome organization and replication cycle can unravel HBV genotypes and molecular variants, which contribute to the heterogeneity in outcome of chronic HBV infection. Most HBV infections are spontaneously resolved in immunocompetent adults, whereas they become chronic in most neonates and infants at a great risk of developing complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Those with chronic HBV infection may present in one of the four phases of infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance [hepatitis B eantigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)], inactive carrier state, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative CHB). Understanding the dynamic nature of chronic HBV infection is crucial in the management of HBV carriers. Long-term monitoring and optimal timing of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection help to prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease to its later stage, particularly in patients with higher risk markers of HCC, such as serum DNA concentration, HBeAg status, serum aminotransferase, HBV genotypes, and pre-core or core mutants.

Circulating adhesion molecules in patients with virus-related chronic diseases of the liver

AIM: In the inflammatory state, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) play a key role in promoting migration of immunological cells from the circulation to target site.Aim of our study was to investigate soluble forms of these molecules in patients with virus-related chronic liver diseases, to assess their behavior in different pathologies and correlation with severity of liver damage.METHODS: Circulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were assayed by EIA commercial kits (R&D System Co.,Abington, UK) in 23 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CH), 50 subjects affected by liver cirrhosis (LC) and 15 healthy controls comparable for sex and age. In patients, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were also detected by autoanalyzer.RESULTS: LC patients had significantly higher ICAM-1 values than CH patients (38.56±7.4 ng/mL vs 20.89±6.42 ng/mL; P＜0.001) and these ones had significantly higher values than controls (12.92±1.08 ng/mL; P＜0.001). In CH group, ICAM-1 levels were significantly related to inflammatory activity (P= 0.041) and ALT values (r= 0.77;P＜0.05). VCAM-1 values were significantly increased only in LC patients (P＜0.001) and related to severity of liver impairment.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the determination of serum ICAM-1 can be considered as an additional useful marker of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory activity in chronic hepatitis, while serum VCAM-1 is an indicator of liver fibrogenesis and severity of disease in cirrhosis.

THE EFFECT OF BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR SLOW-RELEASE MICROCAPSULES ON ANGIOGENESIS IN INFARCTED RABBIT MYOCARDIUM

Objectives To observe the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) slow-release microcapsules on angiogenesis in infarcted myocardial regions. Methods.Myocardial infarction was induced in 24 New Zealand rabbits by ligating the root of left anterior descending coronary artery.Group Ⅰ(n=8) served as control, group Ⅱ(n=8) as a blank microcapsule group, group Ⅲ(n=8, each microcapsule contains 1μg bFGF) as micrpcapsule group.In group Ⅱ and Ⅲ, 5 blank microcapsules or bFGF slow-release microcapsules were implanted into myocardium underneath the epicardium between the left anterior descending coronary artery and left circumflex artery.Infarct size was evaluated by infarcted weight/left ventricle weight ratio and angiogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical examinations 5 weeks later. [WT5”BX] Results.As compared with group Ⅰ and Ⅱ, rabbits treated with bFGF slow-release microcapsules showed higher microvessel counts (group Ⅰ3775±450, group Ⅱ3837±498,vs.group Ⅲ 13550±481,P<0001) and less infarcted weight /left ventricle weight (group Ⅰ168%±04%,group Ⅱ167%±05%,vs.group Ⅲ 70%±02%,P<0001). Conclusions.Subepicardial administration of bFGF slow-release microcapsule in the infarcted rabbit model results in effective angiogenesis and reduction in infarct size.

Frequency of primary iron overload and HFE gene mutations (C282Y,H63D and S65C) in chronic liver disease patients in north India

AIM:To identify the frequency of iron overload and study the three mutations in the HFE gene (C282Y,H63D,and S65C) in patients with chronic liver disorders (CLD) and controls. METHODS:To identify patients with iron overload (transferrin saturation > 45% in females and > 50% in males and serum ferritin > 1000 ng/mL) we evaluated 236 patients with CLD,including 59 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),22 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD),19 of cirrhosis due to viruses (HBV,HCV),and 136 with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Mutations of the HFE gene were analyzed by PCR-RE. hundred controls were screened for iron status and the mutations. RESULTS:Seventeen patients with CLD showed evidence of iron overload. Fifteen cases of iron overload had cryptogenic cirrhosis and two had ALD. None of the controls showed iron overload. We did not find any individual with 282Y or 65C either in the cases or in the controls. The prevalence of H63D heterozygosity was 12% in normal individuals,14.8% in 236 patients (16.9% in NASH,13.6% in ALD,26.3% in viral and 12.5% in cryptogenic cirrhosis) and the overall prevalence was 13.98%. Only two of the 17 patients with primary iron overload were heterozygous for H63D. One patient with NASH and one normal individual who were homozygous for H63D showed no iron overload.CONCLUSION:Primary iron overload in Indians is nonHFE type,which is different from that in Europeans and further molecular studies are required to determine the defect in various iron regulatory genes.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on p-Chlorofluorobenzene in the S0,S1 and D0 States

The geometric structures and vibration frequencies of para-chlorofluorobenzene(p-Cl FPh)in the first excited state of neutral and ground state of cation were investigated by resonanceenhanced multiphoton ionization and slow electron velocity-map imaging.The infrared spectrum of S0 state and absorption spectrum for S1←S0 transition in p-Cl FPh were also recorded.Based on the one-color resonant two-photon ionization spectrum and two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectrum,we obtained the adiabatic excited-state energy of p-Cl FPh as 36302±4 cm^-1.In the two-color resonant two-photon ionization slow electron velocity-map imagin spectra,the accurate adiabatic ionization potential of p-Cl FPh was extrapolated as 72937±8 cm^-1 via threshold ionization measurement.In addition,FranckCondon simulation was performed to help us confidently ascertain the main vibrational modes in the S1 and D0 states.Furthermore,the mixing of vibrational modes between S0→S1 and S1→D0 has been analyzed.

Micro-structure of PECVD Diamond Films by Slow Positron Beam

The microstructure of diamond films was studied by slow positron beam and Raman spectroscopy. For the Raman spectroscopy experiment on diamond films, a high fraction of the sp3 hybridized bond was detected in samples. Positron annihilation spectra analysis further illuminated that the concentration and types of defects were different in each sample. S-E curves of all samples showed that diamond crystal structures had obvious variation in each sample. These results indicated that positron annihilation spectroscopy was an effective means to measure microstructure of diamond films.

Direct measurement of gastric H^+/K^+-ATPase activities in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis

AIM:The role of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in gastric acid secretion of patients with chronic gastritis remains controversial. This study was designed to elucidate the effect of H pylori on H+/K+-ATPase activities in gastric biopsy specimens. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with chronic gastritis who had undergone upper endoscopy were included in this study. H pylori infection was confirmed by rapid urease test and histology. Gastric H+/K+-ATPase activities and serum gastrin concentrations were measured by an enzymatic method and radioimmunoassay, respectively. For those patients who received triple therapy for eradicating H pylori, changes in the activity of gastric H+/K+-ATPase and serum gastrin levels were also measured. RESULTS: The mean gastric H+/K+-ATPase activity in Hpylori-positive group (42 patients) was slightly higher than that in Hpylori-negative group (29 patients) (169.65±52.9 and 161.38±43.85nmol P/(mg·h),respectively, P=0.301). After eradication of H pylori, the gastric H+/K+-ATPase activities slightly decreased compared to prior therapy (165.03±59.50 and 158.42±38.93 nmol P/(mg·h), respectively, P=0.805). The mean basal gastrin concentration was slightly higher in H pylori-positive patients than in H pylori-negative patients (87.92±39.65 pg/mL vs75.04±42.57 pg/mL, P= 0.228). The gastrin levels fell significantly after the eradication of H pylori. (Before treatment 87.00±30.78 pg/mL, after treatment 64.73±18.96 pg/mL, P=0.015). CONCLUSION: Gastric H+/K+-ATPase activities are not associated with H pylori status in patients with chronic gastritis.

Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C

It is now widely recognized that chronic hepatitis C (CHC)is associated with insulin resistance(IR)and type 2 diabetes,so can be considered a metabolic disease.IR is most strongly associated with hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype 1,in contrast to hepatic steatosis, which is associated with genotype 3 infection.Apart from the well-described complications of diabetes,IR in CHC predicts faster progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis that may culminate in liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma.More recently,it has been recognized that IR in CHC predicts a poor response to antiviral therapy. The molecular mechanisms for the association between IR and HCV infection are not well defined.This review will elaborate on the clinical associations between CHC and IR and summarize current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that potentially mediate HCV-associated IR.

Fractalkine and TGF-β1 levels reflect the severity of chronic pancreatitis in humans

MM： To clarify whether serum chemokine and cytokine levels can become useful biological and functional markers to assess the severity of chronic pancreatitis （CP）. This study aimed at clarifying whether serum chemokine and cytokine levels can become useful biological and functional markers to assess the severity of CR METHODS： Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）, transforming growth factor beta-1 （TGF-βI）, and soluble type fractalkine （s-fractalkine） concentrations were examined in patients with CP （n = 109） and healthy controls （n = 116）. Severity of disease was classified in patients with CP by a staging system. Relationships between stage-specific various clinical factors and serum MCP-1, TGF-β1, and s-fractalkine levels were investigated. Furthermore, 57 patients with non-alcoholic CP were similarly evaluated in order to exclude influence of alcohol intake. RESULTS： Patients with CP showed significant higher levels of serum TGF-β1 and s-fractalkine, but not MCP-1, compared to the controls. Serum TGF-β1 in the severe stage and s-fractalkine in the mild and thesevere stage of CP significantly increased compared to those of controls. However, it was observed that both TGF-β1 and s-fractalkine levels were affected by alcohol intake. In patients with non-alcoholic CP, serum TGF-β1 showed significant increase in the moderate stage of CP, and serum s-fractalkine revealed significant increase in the early stage of CP. CONCLUSION： It is suggested that the measurement of serum F-fractalkine is useful to diagnose early- stage CP. Moreover, the combined determination of both, s-fractalkine and TGF-β1, in human sera may be helpful in evaluating the severity status of CP.