The proposed DAC consists of a unit current-cell matrix for 8MSBs and a binary-weighted array for 4LSBs,trading-off between the precision,speed,and size of the chip.In order to ensure the linearity of the DAC,a double...The proposed DAC consists of a unit current-cell matrix for 8MSBs and a binary-weighted array for 4LSBs,trading-off between the precision,speed,and size of the chip.In order to ensure the linearity of the DAC,a double Centro symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q2 random walk strategy.To achieve better dynamic performance,a latch is added in front of the current switch to change the input signal,such as its optimal cross-point and voltage level.For a 12bit resolution,the converter reaches an update rate of 300MHz.展开更多
Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research an...Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research and development（R D） alliances.Therefore,the first objective of this study is to investigate why there exist different organizational governance structures in managing R D alliances;the second objective of this study is to give strategic advice in choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of R D alliances.Through the theoretical lens that integrate both transaction cost economics（TCE） and the resource-based view（RBV）,a model that focuses on six major factors is developed for determining governance structure choices,namely,technological uncertainty,cultural difference,asset specificity,technology complementarity,appropriability of the individual firm＇s know-how,and trust.An R D alliance with higher technological uncertainty,larger cultural differences,and greater concerns for protecting an individual＇s know-how is more likely to adopt non-integrated alliances as the governing structure.An R D alliance with a higher degree of asset-specificity,greater technology complementarity and greater trust among partnering organizations is more likely to adopt integrated alliances as the governing structure;an R D alliance in the face of lower technological uncertainty will tend to adopt integrated alliances.The more aligned the choice of the governance structure with its determinants,the better the R D alliance will perform,and vice versa.展开更多
A micropropagation technique is developed for the multiplication of Dendrocalamus strictus （D. strictus）, Dendrocalamus asper （19. asper） and Bambusa bambos （B. bambos） through shoot proliferation. Nodal explant...A micropropagation technique is developed for the multiplication of Dendrocalamus strictus （D. strictus）, Dendrocalamus asper （19. asper） and Bambusa bambos （B. bambos） through shoot proliferation. Nodal explants obtained from field gown clumps were used to initiate cultures. Shoots were induced on Murashige and Skoog＇s （MS） medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-1 6-benzylamino purine （BAP）. Rapid shoot multiplication was obtained on MS medium containing 3 mg Lt BAP in D. asper, B. bambos and 2 mg L^-1 BAP in D. strictus. In vitro multiplied shoots showed best root induction on half strength MS supplemented with 1 mg L^-1 indole-3 butyric acid （IBA） and 0.5 mg L^-1 1-naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） in D. asper. Pre-rooting conditioning followed by culturing on half strength MS supplemented with 1 mg L^-1 IBA and 2 mg L^-1 IBA showed maximum root induction in D. strictus and B. bambos, respectively. Further root proliferation was obtained on hormone free medium. The micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred on soil in green house.展开更多
文摘The proposed DAC consists of a unit current-cell matrix for 8MSBs and a binary-weighted array for 4LSBs,trading-off between the precision,speed,and size of the chip.In order to ensure the linearity of the DAC,a double Centro symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q2 random walk strategy.To achieve better dynamic performance,a latch is added in front of the current switch to change the input signal,such as its optimal cross-point and voltage level.For a 12bit resolution,the converter reaches an update rate of 300MHz.
基金The Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research and development（R D） alliances.Therefore,the first objective of this study is to investigate why there exist different organizational governance structures in managing R D alliances;the second objective of this study is to give strategic advice in choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of R D alliances.Through the theoretical lens that integrate both transaction cost economics（TCE） and the resource-based view（RBV）,a model that focuses on six major factors is developed for determining governance structure choices,namely,technological uncertainty,cultural difference,asset specificity,technology complementarity,appropriability of the individual firm＇s know-how,and trust.An R D alliance with higher technological uncertainty,larger cultural differences,and greater concerns for protecting an individual＇s know-how is more likely to adopt non-integrated alliances as the governing structure.An R D alliance with a higher degree of asset-specificity,greater technology complementarity and greater trust among partnering organizations is more likely to adopt integrated alliances as the governing structure;an R D alliance in the face of lower technological uncertainty will tend to adopt integrated alliances.The more aligned the choice of the governance structure with its determinants,the better the R D alliance will perform,and vice versa.
文摘A micropropagation technique is developed for the multiplication of Dendrocalamus strictus （D. strictus）, Dendrocalamus asper （19. asper） and Bambusa bambos （B. bambos） through shoot proliferation. Nodal explants obtained from field gown clumps were used to initiate cultures. Shoots were induced on Murashige and Skoog＇s （MS） medium supplemented with 5 mg L^-1 6-benzylamino purine （BAP）. Rapid shoot multiplication was obtained on MS medium containing 3 mg Lt BAP in D. asper, B. bambos and 2 mg L^-1 BAP in D. strictus. In vitro multiplied shoots showed best root induction on half strength MS supplemented with 1 mg L^-1 indole-3 butyric acid （IBA） and 0.5 mg L^-1 1-naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） in D. asper. Pre-rooting conditioning followed by culturing on half strength MS supplemented with 1 mg L^-1 IBA and 2 mg L^-1 IBA showed maximum root induction in D. strictus and B. bambos, respectively. Further root proliferation was obtained on hormone free medium. The micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully transferred on soil in green house.
