[Objective] The aim was to analyze sugar components in fermented rice wine by ion chromatography. [Method] The optimal condition for chromatography system of sugar analysis was selected by measuring sugars in fermente...[Objective] The aim was to analyze sugar components in fermented rice wine by ion chromatography. [Method] The optimal condition for chromatography system of sugar analysis was selected by measuring sugars in fermented rice wine with ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. [Result] The optimal measurement conditions were as follows: Leacheate (Leachate), consisting of NaOH and CH3COONa, was eluted by gradient concentrations, with column temperature at 35 ℃ and flow rate at 0.4 ml/min. In the condition, sugars in rice wine were ana- lyzed and the results showed that the method is featured by low detection limit, good repetition and high recovery rate. [Conclusion] The research establishes and determines the approaches and optimum conditions for sugar analysis in rice wine by ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection, providing references for advancement of research on quality improvement of fermented rice wine.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal density and nitrogen rate of no-tilling and direct sowing rapeseeds in Chengdu plain. [Methods] Effects of in- teraction between density and nitrogen rate on the growth a...[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal density and nitrogen rate of no-tilling and direct sowing rapeseeds in Chengdu plain. [Methods] Effects of in- teraction between density and nitrogen rate on the growth and yield of direct sowing rapeseed under no-tillage condition were investigated with Chuanyou 58 as materials and a split-plot experiment adopted. [Results] In Chengdu Plain, the yields of rape- seed changed from increasing to decreasing with increase of density and nitrogen rate. Both of density and nitrogen rate had significant effects on growth and yield of rapeseed and the latter overweighed in the effect. In addition, interaction of the two had negative effects on rapeseed yield. The yield of rapeseeds achieved the highest at 3 395.25 kg/hm^2 with interaction of density at 30.00×10^4 plant/hm^2 and nitrogen rate at 180.00 kg/hm^2; the theoretical maximal yield was 3 403.41 kg/hm^2 with interaction of density at 40.80×10^4 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen rate at 198.90 kg/hm^2. [Conclusion] In Chengdu Plain, the optimal density and nitrogen rate are 30.00×10^4-45.00×10^4 plant/hm^2 and 180.00-198.90 kg/hm^2, respectively.展开更多
An ionic liquid system of [Bmim]X/[Bmim]OH(X Cl,BF4,and PF6,) was developed for the hydroly-sis of ethylene carbonate to ethylene glycol. The important parameters,such as the variety of ionic liquids,molar ratio of [B...An ionic liquid system of [Bmim]X/[Bmim]OH(X Cl,BF4,and PF6,) was developed for the hydroly-sis of ethylene carbonate to ethylene glycol. The important parameters,such as the variety of ionic liquids,molar ratio of [Bmim]X to [Bmim]OH,amount of ionic liquid,molar ratio of water to ethylene carbonate,reaction tem-perature,pressure and reaction time,were investigated systematically. Excellent yield(>93%) and high selectivity(99.5%) of ethylene glycol were achieved. Under the optimum reaction conditions,the ionic liquid system could be reused at least five times and the selectivity of ethylene glycol remained higher than 99.5%.展开更多
Al-5Ti-1B master alloy was added into Mg-14Li-1Al(LA141)alloy and then LA141 sheets were prepared by extrusion and cold rolling.The effect of the addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the grain size of LA141 all...Al-5Ti-1B master alloy was added into Mg-14Li-1Al(LA141)alloy and then LA141 sheets were prepared by extrusion and cold rolling.The effect of the addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the grain size of LA141 alloy was investigated as well as the effects of the total reduction of cold rolling and the annealing temperature on microstructure,mechanical properties and plastic formability of the LA141 sheets.The results show that the optimal addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy into LA141 alloy is 1.25%(mass fraction)and LA141 alloy has the finest grains.With the increase of the total reduction of cold rolling,the grains of the as-rolled LA141 sheets were flattened gradually.A proper anneal temperature of 200℃ is obtained for the cold rolled LA141 sheets. Under this condition,microstructure of the LA141 sheets consists of fine and uniform equiaxed grains and has higher Erichsen cupping index(IE).展开更多
The microcapsules with cores of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt(Na4-EDTA)and walls of polyurea were synthesized via an interfacial polycondensation reaction with 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate as an oil-s...The microcapsules with cores of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt(Na4-EDTA)and walls of polyurea were synthesized via an interfacial polycondensation reaction with 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate as an oil-soluble monomer and diethyl triamine as a water-soluble monomer.Various manufacturing parameters,including the amount of emulsifier,agitation speed,stirring time and ratios of the wall materials to core materials,were altered to optimize process variables during the synthesis of microcapsules,and the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of the microcapsules were examined.The structure,morphology,mean particle size and size distribution were characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),showing that the mean diameter of optimal microspheres was approximately 6μm,and microcapsules were spherical.In vitro release of Na4-EDTA from these microcapsules was performed in distilled water.Under the optimal preparation conditions, the Na4-EDTA release profiles were biphasic with a burst release followed by a gradual release phase.After an initial burst,a continuous Na4-EDTA release was up to 5-7 days.The optimal synthesis conditions for the microcapsules with stable,good morphology and good controlled-release properties were as follows:emulsifier Span-80 10% (by mass),agitation speed 900 r·min1,stirring time 30 min,and the ratio of the wall materials to core materials 0.15.展开更多
Work on the production and quality evaluation ofE. anomala spiced chocolate drinks was reported. This is done in order to establish the best concentration of the spice to be adopted in the chocolate drinks production....Work on the production and quality evaluation ofE. anomala spiced chocolate drinks was reported. This is done in order to establish the best concentration of the spice to be adopted in the chocolate drinks production. E. anomala seed powder was added into chocolate formulation in various concentrations [1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, as samples A, B, C, D with sample E as the control (no spice added)]. These samples were analyzed for difference quality attributes like: the proximate composition, minerals and chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, as well as the sensory evaluation using standard methods. The proximate composition showed the percentage moisture content ranging between 85.1 ±0.11 and 85.5± 0.10, ash content between 0.4 ± 0.00 and 0.5 ± 0.10, protein content between 1.0± 0.01 and 1.1 ± 0.11, fat content between 0.4 ± 0.1 land 0.5 ± 0.00 and carbohydrate content between 12.5 ±0.10 and 12.7 ±0.10. The minerals: 0.05 ±0.10 mg/kg, zinc: 0.01 4- 0.11 mg/kg, lead: 0.1 ± 0.10 mg/kg, and copper 0.1±0.1/l mg/kg, Mangeulese were obtained while cadmium was not detected at all. The chemical analysis gave between 5.03 ± 0. l t to 5.35 ±0.10, and pH 3.17 ± 0.10 to 3.67± 0.10, and total titratable acidity between 32.47 ± 0.10 to 32.50 ±0.10 tbr Brix. ttowever, sample C (3%) E. anomala spiced chocolate drink has the highest nutrients composition than all the other samples. All the samples have low microbial count, less than 3.5 ×10^3 load which is below the safe level of 1.0 ×10^3 but on the overall, sample C has the least value. Conclusively, smnple C, (chocolate spiced at 3% concentration) is established as the best sample nutritionally, microbiologically and on the overall acceptability.展开更多
Brittle pro-eutectoid cementite that forms along prior-austenite in hypereutectoid steels is deleterious to mechanical properties. The optimum process parameters which suppress the formation of pro-eutectoid cementite...Brittle pro-eutectoid cementite that forms along prior-austenite in hypereutectoid steels is deleterious to mechanical properties. The optimum process parameters which suppress the formation of pro-eutectoid cementite in hypereutectoid steels with carbon content in the range of 0.8%-1.3% in mass fraction, were investigated. Pro-eutectoid cementite formation is effectively hindered by increasing the deformation temperature and decreasing the amount of strain. Transformation at lower temperatures close to the nose of the cooling-transformation diagram also reduces the tendency of the formation of pro-eutectoid cementite. Control of prior-austenite grain size and grain boundary conditions is important. Due to larger number of nucleation sites, finer prior-austenite grain size results in the acceleration of transformation to pro-eutectoid cementite. However, large prior-austenite and straight boundaries lead to less nucleation sites of pro-eutectoid cementite. The cooling rate and carbon content should be reduced as much as possible. The transformation temperature below 660 °C and the strain of 0.5 at deformation temperature of 850 °C are suggested.展开更多
This work develops an optimization-based methodology for the design and scheduling of batch water recycle networks. This task requires the identification of network configuration, fresh-water usage, recycle assignment...This work develops an optimization-based methodology for the design and scheduling of batch water recycle networks. This task requires the identification of network configuration, fresh-water usage, recycle assignments from sources to sinks, wastewater discharge, and a scheduling scheme. A new source-tank-sink representation is developed to allow for storage and dispatch tanks. The problem is solved in stages by first eliminating scheduling constraints and determining minimum usage of fresh water and wastewater discharge. An iterative procedure is formulated to minimize the total annual cost of the system by trading off capital versus operating costs. The work overcomes limitations in previous literature work including restricted recycle within the same cycle, lumped balances that may not lead to feasible solutions, and unrealistic objective functions. A case study is solved to illustrate the usefulness of the devised procedure.展开更多
It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence ...It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence cost and failure characteristic are also important parameters. Maintenance strategy can be optimized on the base by means of quantitative analysis and diagram.展开更多
According to the consequences of software failures, software faults remaining in safety-critical systems can be classified into two sets: common faults and fatal faults. Common faults cause slight loss when they are ...According to the consequences of software failures, software faults remaining in safety-critical systems can be classified into two sets: common faults and fatal faults. Common faults cause slight loss when they are activated. A fatal fault can lead to significant loss, and even damage the safety-crltical system entirely when it is activated. A software reliability growth model for safety-critical systems is developed based on G - 0 model. And a software cost model is proposed too. The cost model considers maintenance and risk costs due to software failures. The optimal release policies are discussed to minimize the total software cost. A numerical exampie is provided to illustrate how to use the results we obtained.展开更多
The core of the presentation that I propose treats about the application of principal component analysis for the estimation of the future earnings of the Segregated Funds. The Segregated Funds are the pools of assets ...The core of the presentation that I propose treats about the application of principal component analysis for the estimation of the future earnings of the Segregated Funds. The Segregated Funds are the pools of assets which have been using in the Italian Insurance Market since mid 80's for managing the "with profit" business, also known as business with "discretionary participation feature" according to IFRS4 since the income attributable to the policyholders is composed by the net realised gains less a fee and by a minimum guarantee, if any. The discretion of the Management of the Entity lays on the decision on whether and when to realise both the financial gains and the financial losses of the underlying investments. This strategy is tied by the need to manage an appropriate ALM, from the rules included in the local legislation as well as by the policy about the solvency margin (for example a minimum solvency ratio to fulfil that is conditional upon the value of income attributed that year). The fee can not be changed, i.e., is not discretionary, the minimum granted could be fixed on annual basis-sometimes paid on cash recurrently-or could be promised only at expiration or sometimes promised at expiration or in advance only for death and disability. In case of years so adverse that the Entity is not able to avoid earnings too low, sometimes the entity delivers an additional bonus, in order to compensate their policyholders, which is based above a full discretion. Principal components are used in finance as well as in other fields such as genetic. You can see some of these applications in two of the references advised below. The purposes of the technique of principal components are (1) to increase objectivity of results and their verifiability by third parties such as auditors, (2) make speeder the time spent for the analytical calculations (i.e., runs of the actuarial models) and (3) to render the relationship between the asset composition and the their earnings effectively used for the best estimate liabilities through their contribution in forecasting future cash flows.展开更多
The technical characteristics and operational principal of the reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technology is integrated introduced in this paper. Using simulation technology to assist the drilling tool design,...The technical characteristics and operational principal of the reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technology is integrated introduced in this paper. Using simulation technology to assist the drilling tool design, the optimum designed DTH hammer gets stable performance, and the bit has reverse circulation ability, and further more, it has already developed serial products. The reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technique has been fully applied in field such as the geological core exploration in complex strata, water well drilling, and large diameter rock embedding piles drilling in hard rock, and obviously, it is achieved favorable economic and social benefits.展开更多
The application of single nanofiltration (NF) and sequential filtration of microfiltration (MF) and NF for the concentration of vinasse were studied. Filtration experiments were performed at 60 ℃, 500 rpm and dif...The application of single nanofiltration (NF) and sequential filtration of microfiltration (MF) and NF for the concentration of vinasse were studied. Filtration experiments were performed at 60 ℃, 500 rpm and different transmembrane pressures using four commercial membranes: MF, PVDF 0.2 μm; NF, PES 300, 500 and 1000 Da. The process effectiveness was evaluated through the permeate flux and the total solids (TS) concentration in the retentate. Because the retention of TS and permeate fluxes were very similar for MF, PVDF-0.2 membrane at 0.10 MPa was selected because of its lower power consumption. The best conditions tested for NF were the following: PES-1000 at 3.50 MPa with a flux of 183.2 kg/m^2 h at a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 2, under which 68% of solids were retained. For the MF + NF, a PES-1000 at 3.50 MPa was selected because a higher permeate flux was achieved at a VRF of 4, and PES-500 at 3.50 MPa because a higher retention of TS was achieved compared to the other experiments. A single NF resulted in a retentate concentration that was almost twice as high as the hybrid MF and NF process, allowing reduced costs in its transportation from distilleries to distant areas.展开更多
Catalytic activities of H3PWrMo6O40/PAn in synthesizing benzaldehyde glycol acetal were reported. It has been demonstrated that H3PW6MorO40/PAn is an excellent catalyst. Various factors concerned in the reaction have ...Catalytic activities of H3PWrMo6O40/PAn in synthesizing benzaldehyde glycol acetal were reported. It has been demonstrated that H3PW6MorO40/PAn is an excellent catalyst. Various factors concerned in the reaction have been investigated. The optimum conditions have been found, that is, the molar ratio of benzaldehyde to glycol is 1/1.4, the mass ratio of the catalyst used to the reactants is 0.8%, and the reaction time is 45min. Under these conditions, the yield of benzaldehyde glycol acetal is 79.0%.展开更多
The feasibility and performance of nitrogen removal from municipal sewage were investigated through the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in a continuous reactor. CANON process was s...The feasibility and performance of nitrogen removal from municipal sewage were investigated through the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in a continuous reactor. CANON process was successfully started up with the transformation of nitrogen into gas by mass-balance analysis. For the synthetic waste-water (up to 480 mg NH4+-N/(L·d)), removal rates of the ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen (TN) were about 80% and 55%, respectively, at 1.25 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). For the secondary effluent of municipal sewage, the effluent concentrations of NH4+-N and TN were below 5 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. It is in accordance with the water quality standard for scenic environment with the reuse of urban recycling water (GB/T 18921-2002).展开更多
The non-edible crude rice bran oil was extracted from white rice bran, and then was catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production in this study. The effects of water content, oil/methanol molar ratio, tempe...The non-edible crude rice bran oil was extracted from white rice bran, and then was catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production in this study. The effects of water content, oil/methanol molar ratio, temperature, enzyme amount, solvent,number of methanol added times and two-step methanolysis by using Candida sp. 99-125 as catalyst were investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 1 g rice bran oil were: 0.2 g immobilized lipase, 2 ml n-hexane as solvent, 20% water based on the rice bran oil mass, temperature of 40 °C and two-step addition of methanol. As a result, the fatty acid methyl esters yield was 87.4%. The immobilized lipase was proved to be stable when it was used repeatedly for 7 cycles.展开更多
This article presents a study on profit optimization of external cylindrical grinding. In the optimization problem, the influences of several grinding process parameters such as the initial grinding wheel diameter, th...This article presents a study on profit optimization of external cylindrical grinding. In the optimization problem, the influences of several grinding process parameters such as the initial grinding wheel diameter, the wheel life, the total dressing depth as well as the effect of many cost components were investigated. A model for determination of optimum exchanged grinding wheel diameter was proposed. With this optimum diameter, a new and effective way of using the grinding wheel was proposed.展开更多
Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties se...Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties selection, water management,fertilizer management, stubble height, plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review, we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice. Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection. Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases. Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice. Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice. Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield. It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently, the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased. There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.展开更多
基金Supported by Changsha Key Project in Hunan Province(K1005007-21)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to analyze sugar components in fermented rice wine by ion chromatography. [Method] The optimal condition for chromatography system of sugar analysis was selected by measuring sugars in fermented rice wine with ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. [Result] The optimal measurement conditions were as follows: Leacheate (Leachate), consisting of NaOH and CH3COONa, was eluted by gradient concentrations, with column temperature at 35 ℃ and flow rate at 0.4 ml/min. In the condition, sugars in rice wine were ana- lyzed and the results showed that the method is featured by low detection limit, good repetition and high recovery rate. [Conclusion] The research establishes and determines the approaches and optimum conditions for sugar analysis in rice wine by ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection, providing references for advancement of research on quality improvement of fermented rice wine.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2010BAD01B08)Sichuan Finance Gene Engineering Program(2011JYGC04-013)12th Five Year Breeding Project of Crops of Sichuan Province~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal density and nitrogen rate of no-tilling and direct sowing rapeseeds in Chengdu plain. [Methods] Effects of in- teraction between density and nitrogen rate on the growth and yield of direct sowing rapeseed under no-tillage condition were investigated with Chuanyou 58 as materials and a split-plot experiment adopted. [Results] In Chengdu Plain, the yields of rape- seed changed from increasing to decreasing with increase of density and nitrogen rate. Both of density and nitrogen rate had significant effects on growth and yield of rapeseed and the latter overweighed in the effect. In addition, interaction of the two had negative effects on rapeseed yield. The yield of rapeseeds achieved the highest at 3 395.25 kg/hm^2 with interaction of density at 30.00×10^4 plant/hm^2 and nitrogen rate at 180.00 kg/hm^2; the theoretical maximal yield was 3 403.41 kg/hm^2 with interaction of density at 40.80×10^4 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen rate at 198.90 kg/hm^2. [Conclusion] In Chengdu Plain, the optimal density and nitrogen rate are 30.00×10^4-45.00×10^4 plant/hm^2 and 180.00-198.90 kg/hm^2, respectively.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA06Z317) National Natural Science Foundation of China(20876162)+3 种基金 National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB219901) National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2008BAF33B04) National Science Fund of China(21006117) Science and Technology Project of Beijing(Y090081135)
文摘An ionic liquid system of [Bmim]X/[Bmim]OH(X Cl,BF4,and PF6,) was developed for the hydroly-sis of ethylene carbonate to ethylene glycol. The important parameters,such as the variety of ionic liquids,molar ratio of [Bmim]X to [Bmim]OH,amount of ionic liquid,molar ratio of water to ethylene carbonate,reaction tem-perature,pressure and reaction time,were investigated systematically. Excellent yield(>93%) and high selectivity(99.5%) of ethylene glycol were achieved. Under the optimum reaction conditions,the ionic liquid system could be reused at least five times and the selectivity of ethylene glycol remained higher than 99.5%.
基金Project(50604020)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2007CB613706)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(2009AA03Z507)supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘Al-5Ti-1B master alloy was added into Mg-14Li-1Al(LA141)alloy and then LA141 sheets were prepared by extrusion and cold rolling.The effect of the addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the grain size of LA141 alloy was investigated as well as the effects of the total reduction of cold rolling and the annealing temperature on microstructure,mechanical properties and plastic formability of the LA141 sheets.The results show that the optimal addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy into LA141 alloy is 1.25%(mass fraction)and LA141 alloy has the finest grains.With the increase of the total reduction of cold rolling,the grains of the as-rolled LA141 sheets were flattened gradually.A proper anneal temperature of 200℃ is obtained for the cold rolled LA141 sheets. Under this condition,microstructure of the LA141 sheets consists of fine and uniform equiaxed grains and has higher Erichsen cupping index(IE).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30571117) the Important Sci-Tech Special Project of Guangdong Province China(2006A36703004 2008A030202004)
文摘The microcapsules with cores of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt(Na4-EDTA)and walls of polyurea were synthesized via an interfacial polycondensation reaction with 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate as an oil-soluble monomer and diethyl triamine as a water-soluble monomer.Various manufacturing parameters,including the amount of emulsifier,agitation speed,stirring time and ratios of the wall materials to core materials,were altered to optimize process variables during the synthesis of microcapsules,and the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of the microcapsules were examined.The structure,morphology,mean particle size and size distribution were characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),showing that the mean diameter of optimal microspheres was approximately 6μm,and microcapsules were spherical.In vitro release of Na4-EDTA from these microcapsules was performed in distilled water.Under the optimal preparation conditions, the Na4-EDTA release profiles were biphasic with a burst release followed by a gradual release phase.After an initial burst,a continuous Na4-EDTA release was up to 5-7 days.The optimal synthesis conditions for the microcapsules with stable,good morphology and good controlled-release properties were as follows:emulsifier Span-80 10% (by mass),agitation speed 900 r·min1,stirring time 30 min,and the ratio of the wall materials to core materials 0.15.
文摘Work on the production and quality evaluation ofE. anomala spiced chocolate drinks was reported. This is done in order to establish the best concentration of the spice to be adopted in the chocolate drinks production. E. anomala seed powder was added into chocolate formulation in various concentrations [1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, as samples A, B, C, D with sample E as the control (no spice added)]. These samples were analyzed for difference quality attributes like: the proximate composition, minerals and chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, as well as the sensory evaluation using standard methods. The proximate composition showed the percentage moisture content ranging between 85.1 ±0.11 and 85.5± 0.10, ash content between 0.4 ± 0.00 and 0.5 ± 0.10, protein content between 1.0± 0.01 and 1.1 ± 0.11, fat content between 0.4 ± 0.1 land 0.5 ± 0.00 and carbohydrate content between 12.5 ±0.10 and 12.7 ±0.10. The minerals: 0.05 ±0.10 mg/kg, zinc: 0.01 4- 0.11 mg/kg, lead: 0.1 ± 0.10 mg/kg, and copper 0.1±0.1/l mg/kg, Mangeulese were obtained while cadmium was not detected at all. The chemical analysis gave between 5.03 ± 0. l t to 5.35 ±0.10, and pH 3.17 ± 0.10 to 3.67± 0.10, and total titratable acidity between 32.47 ± 0.10 to 32.50 ±0.10 tbr Brix. ttowever, sample C (3%) E. anomala spiced chocolate drink has the highest nutrients composition than all the other samples. All the samples have low microbial count, less than 3.5 ×10^3 load which is below the safe level of 1.0 ×10^3 but on the overall, sample C has the least value. Conclusively, smnple C, (chocolate spiced at 3% concentration) is established as the best sample nutritionally, microbiologically and on the overall acceptability.
基金Project(51222405)supported by the National Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of ChinaProject(51034002)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(132002)supported by the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation,ChinaProject(N120502001)supported by the Basic Scientific Research Operation of Center University of China
文摘Brittle pro-eutectoid cementite that forms along prior-austenite in hypereutectoid steels is deleterious to mechanical properties. The optimum process parameters which suppress the formation of pro-eutectoid cementite in hypereutectoid steels with carbon content in the range of 0.8%-1.3% in mass fraction, were investigated. Pro-eutectoid cementite formation is effectively hindered by increasing the deformation temperature and decreasing the amount of strain. Transformation at lower temperatures close to the nose of the cooling-transformation diagram also reduces the tendency of the formation of pro-eutectoid cementite. Control of prior-austenite grain size and grain boundary conditions is important. Due to larger number of nucleation sites, finer prior-austenite grain size results in the acceleration of transformation to pro-eutectoid cementite. However, large prior-austenite and straight boundaries lead to less nucleation sites of pro-eutectoid cementite. The cooling rate and carbon content should be reduced as much as possible. The transformation temperature below 660 °C and the strain of 0.5 at deformation temperature of 850 °C are suggested.
基金the Texas Water Resources Institute (TWRI)the Texas Hazardous Waste Research Center
文摘This work develops an optimization-based methodology for the design and scheduling of batch water recycle networks. This task requires the identification of network configuration, fresh-water usage, recycle assignments from sources to sinks, wastewater discharge, and a scheduling scheme. A new source-tank-sink representation is developed to allow for storage and dispatch tanks. The problem is solved in stages by first eliminating scheduling constraints and determining minimum usage of fresh water and wastewater discharge. An iterative procedure is formulated to minimize the total annual cost of the system by trading off capital versus operating costs. The work overcomes limitations in previous literature work including restricted recycle within the same cycle, lumped balances that may not lead to feasible solutions, and unrealistic objective functions. A case study is solved to illustrate the usefulness of the devised procedure.
文摘It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence cost and failure characteristic are also important parameters. Maintenance strategy can be optimized on the base by means of quantitative analysis and diagram.
基金Sponsored by the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20020213017).
文摘According to the consequences of software failures, software faults remaining in safety-critical systems can be classified into two sets: common faults and fatal faults. Common faults cause slight loss when they are activated. A fatal fault can lead to significant loss, and even damage the safety-crltical system entirely when it is activated. A software reliability growth model for safety-critical systems is developed based on G - 0 model. And a software cost model is proposed too. The cost model considers maintenance and risk costs due to software failures. The optimal release policies are discussed to minimize the total software cost. A numerical exampie is provided to illustrate how to use the results we obtained.
文摘The core of the presentation that I propose treats about the application of principal component analysis for the estimation of the future earnings of the Segregated Funds. The Segregated Funds are the pools of assets which have been using in the Italian Insurance Market since mid 80's for managing the "with profit" business, also known as business with "discretionary participation feature" according to IFRS4 since the income attributable to the policyholders is composed by the net realised gains less a fee and by a minimum guarantee, if any. The discretion of the Management of the Entity lays on the decision on whether and when to realise both the financial gains and the financial losses of the underlying investments. This strategy is tied by the need to manage an appropriate ALM, from the rules included in the local legislation as well as by the policy about the solvency margin (for example a minimum solvency ratio to fulfil that is conditional upon the value of income attributed that year). The fee can not be changed, i.e., is not discretionary, the minimum granted could be fixed on annual basis-sometimes paid on cash recurrently-or could be promised only at expiration or sometimes promised at expiration or in advance only for death and disability. In case of years so adverse that the Entity is not able to avoid earnings too low, sometimes the entity delivers an additional bonus, in order to compensate their policyholders, which is based above a full discretion. Principal components are used in finance as well as in other fields such as genetic. You can see some of these applications in two of the references advised below. The purposes of the technique of principal components are (1) to increase objectivity of results and their verifiability by third parties such as auditors, (2) make speeder the time spent for the analytical calculations (i.e., runs of the actuarial models) and (3) to render the relationship between the asset composition and the their earnings effectively used for the best estimate liabilities through their contribution in forecasting future cash flows.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Jilin University (No. 200903203)
文摘The technical characteristics and operational principal of the reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technology is integrated introduced in this paper. Using simulation technology to assist the drilling tool design, the optimum designed DTH hammer gets stable performance, and the bit has reverse circulation ability, and further more, it has already developed serial products. The reverse circulation DTH hammer drilling technique has been fully applied in field such as the geological core exploration in complex strata, water well drilling, and large diameter rock embedding piles drilling in hard rock, and obviously, it is achieved favorable economic and social benefits.
文摘The application of single nanofiltration (NF) and sequential filtration of microfiltration (MF) and NF for the concentration of vinasse were studied. Filtration experiments were performed at 60 ℃, 500 rpm and different transmembrane pressures using four commercial membranes: MF, PVDF 0.2 μm; NF, PES 300, 500 and 1000 Da. The process effectiveness was evaluated through the permeate flux and the total solids (TS) concentration in the retentate. Because the retention of TS and permeate fluxes were very similar for MF, PVDF-0.2 membrane at 0.10 MPa was selected because of its lower power consumption. The best conditions tested for NF were the following: PES-1000 at 3.50 MPa with a flux of 183.2 kg/m^2 h at a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 2, under which 68% of solids were retained. For the MF + NF, a PES-1000 at 3.50 MPa was selected because a higher permeate flux was achieved at a VRF of 4, and PES-500 at 3.50 MPa because a higher retention of TS was achieved compared to the other experiments. A single NF resulted in a retentate concentration that was almost twice as high as the hybrid MF and NF process, allowing reduced costs in its transportation from distilleries to distant areas.
基金Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (No. 2005ABA053) and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioanalytical Technique.
文摘Catalytic activities of H3PWrMo6O40/PAn in synthesizing benzaldehyde glycol acetal were reported. It has been demonstrated that H3PW6MorO40/PAn is an excellent catalyst. Various factors concerned in the reaction have been investigated. The optimum conditions have been found, that is, the molar ratio of benzaldehyde to glycol is 1/1.4, the mass ratio of the catalyst used to the reactants is 0.8%, and the reaction time is 45min. Under these conditions, the yield of benzaldehyde glycol acetal is 79.0%.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50308012 and No.21107053)National Science & Technology Program of China (No.2012ZX07501002)
文摘The feasibility and performance of nitrogen removal from municipal sewage were investigated through the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in a continuous reactor. CANON process was successfully started up with the transformation of nitrogen into gas by mass-balance analysis. For the synthetic waste-water (up to 480 mg NH4+-N/(L·d)), removal rates of the ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen (TN) were about 80% and 55%, respectively, at 1.25 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). For the secondary effluent of municipal sewage, the effluent concentrations of NH4+-N and TN were below 5 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. It is in accordance with the water quality standard for scenic environment with the reuse of urban recycling water (GB/T 18921-2002).
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2006AA020101, 2007AA10Z360,2009AA03Z232)Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (2008BA163B07)
文摘The non-edible crude rice bran oil was extracted from white rice bran, and then was catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production in this study. The effects of water content, oil/methanol molar ratio, temperature, enzyme amount, solvent,number of methanol added times and two-step methanolysis by using Candida sp. 99-125 as catalyst were investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 1 g rice bran oil were: 0.2 g immobilized lipase, 2 ml n-hexane as solvent, 20% water based on the rice bran oil mass, temperature of 40 °C and two-step addition of methanol. As a result, the fatty acid methyl esters yield was 87.4%. The immobilized lipase was proved to be stable when it was used repeatedly for 7 cycles.
文摘This article presents a study on profit optimization of external cylindrical grinding. In the optimization problem, the influences of several grinding process parameters such as the initial grinding wheel diameter, the wheel life, the total dressing depth as well as the effect of many cost components were investigated. A model for determination of optimum exchanged grinding wheel diameter was proposed. With this optimum diameter, a new and effective way of using the grinding wheel was proposed.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0300208)
文摘Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties selection, water management,fertilizer management, stubble height, plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review, we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice. Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection. Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases. Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice. Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice. Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield. It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently, the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased. There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.