This paper proposes that organizational performance improvement could be achieved through improving the relationship between suppliers and customers. Accordingly, the paper proposes that performance could be improved ...This paper proposes that organizational performance improvement could be achieved through improving the relationship between suppliers and customers. Accordingly, the paper proposes that performance could be improved by properly managing differences （gaps） that are usually found between customers＇ expectations and of suppliers perception with respect to services delivered. The paper also proposes that gaps in the relationship between customers and suppliers could be analyzed using mapping techniques. The paper points to the possibility of finding perception gaps and expectation gaps in the interrelated value attributes of goods and/or services; namely quality, cost, and time of delivery of goods or services to customers. In addition, the paper suggests that those gaps may impact on the performance from the perspectives of quality, cost, and speed of delivery of the service. It is envisaged that this research could assist management in controlling cost and avoid wastage and improve organizational performance.展开更多
Optical waveguide is the main element in integrated optics. Therefore many numerical methods are used on these elements of integrated optics. Simulation response of an optical slab waveguide used in integrated optics ...Optical waveguide is the main element in integrated optics. Therefore many numerical methods are used on these elements of integrated optics. Simulation response of an optical slab waveguide used in integrated optics needs such numerical methods. These methods must be precise and useful in terms of memory capacity and time duration. In this paper, we study basic analytical and finite difference methods to determine the effective refractive index of AIGaAs-GaAs slab waveguide. Also, appropriate effective refractive index value is obtained with respect to number of grid points and number of matrix sizes. Finally, the validity of the obtained values by both methods is compared to using waveguide type.展开更多
Although extended-range forecasting has exceeded the limit of daily predictability of weather,there are still partially predictable characteristics of meteorological fields in such forecasts.A targeted forecast scheme...Although extended-range forecasting has exceeded the limit of daily predictability of weather,there are still partially predictable characteristics of meteorological fields in such forecasts.A targeted forecast scheme and strategy for extended-range predictable components is proposed.Based on chaotic characteristics of the atmosphere,predictable components and unpredictable random components are separated by using the standpoint of error growth in a numerical model.The predictable components are defined as those with slow error growth at a given range,which are not sensitive to small errors in initial conditions. A numerical model for predictable components(NMPC)is established,by filtering random components with poor predictability.The aim is to maintain predictable components and avoid the influence of rapidly growing forecast errors on small scales. Meanwhile,the analogue-dynamical approach(ADA)is used to correct forecast errors of predictable components,to decrease model error and statistically take into account the influence of random components.The scheme is applied to operational dynamical extended-range forecast(DERF)model of the National Climate Center of China Meteorological Administration (NCC/CMA).Prediction results show that the scheme can improve forecast skill of predictable components to some extent, especially in high predictability regions.Forecast skill at zonal wave zero is improved more than for ultra-long waves and synoptic-scale waves.Results show good agreement with predictability of spatial scale.As a result,the scheme can reduce forecast errors and improve forecast skill,which favors operational use.展开更多
文摘This paper proposes that organizational performance improvement could be achieved through improving the relationship between suppliers and customers. Accordingly, the paper proposes that performance could be improved by properly managing differences （gaps） that are usually found between customers＇ expectations and of suppliers perception with respect to services delivered. The paper also proposes that gaps in the relationship between customers and suppliers could be analyzed using mapping techniques. The paper points to the possibility of finding perception gaps and expectation gaps in the interrelated value attributes of goods and/or services; namely quality, cost, and time of delivery of goods or services to customers. In addition, the paper suggests that those gaps may impact on the performance from the perspectives of quality, cost, and speed of delivery of the service. It is envisaged that this research could assist management in controlling cost and avoid wastage and improve organizational performance.
文摘Optical waveguide is the main element in integrated optics. Therefore many numerical methods are used on these elements of integrated optics. Simulation response of an optical slab waveguide used in integrated optics needs such numerical methods. These methods must be precise and useful in terms of memory capacity and time duration. In this paper, we study basic analytical and finite difference methods to determine the effective refractive index of AIGaAs-GaAs slab waveguide. Also, appropriate effective refractive index value is obtained with respect to number of grid points and number of matrix sizes. Finally, the validity of the obtained values by both methods is compared to using waveguide type.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41105070,40930952 and 41005041)State Key Program of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2009BAC51B04)Meteorological Special Project of China(Grant No.GYHY 201106016)
文摘Although extended-range forecasting has exceeded the limit of daily predictability of weather,there are still partially predictable characteristics of meteorological fields in such forecasts.A targeted forecast scheme and strategy for extended-range predictable components is proposed.Based on chaotic characteristics of the atmosphere,predictable components and unpredictable random components are separated by using the standpoint of error growth in a numerical model.The predictable components are defined as those with slow error growth at a given range,which are not sensitive to small errors in initial conditions. A numerical model for predictable components(NMPC)is established,by filtering random components with poor predictability.The aim is to maintain predictable components and avoid the influence of rapidly growing forecast errors on small scales. Meanwhile,the analogue-dynamical approach(ADA)is used to correct forecast errors of predictable components,to decrease model error and statistically take into account the influence of random components.The scheme is applied to operational dynamical extended-range forecast(DERF)model of the National Climate Center of China Meteorological Administration (NCC/CMA).Prediction results show that the scheme can improve forecast skill of predictable components to some extent, especially in high predictability regions.Forecast skill at zonal wave zero is improved more than for ultra-long waves and synoptic-scale waves.Results show good agreement with predictability of spatial scale.As a result,the scheme can reduce forecast errors and improve forecast skill,which favors operational use.
