世界体操运动员年龄变化趋势的研究

以参加雅典奥运会的各国体操运动员为主要对象,研究了当今世界各体操强国运动员的年龄结构.结果显示:获得个人全能和团体比赛前8名选手的平均年龄,男子23.9岁,女子18.25岁;男子吊环和自由体操单项奖牌选手的平均年龄为26岁;女子跳马决赛前8名选手的平均年龄19.1岁.可以预见,在新的奥运会周期,世界体操男子已进入到“成年化”、女子也进入到“青年化”的新时期.

崇洋而不媚外——国产动画的大龄化之路

我国动画事业在经历了建国初期的蓬勃发展之后,就一直缓慢发展着。究其原因,早期动画发展的高起点使当今国产动画一直过于强调先前的艺术模式,没有切实考虑各层级观众的心理需求,这导致国产动画慢慢脱离了国际轨道,丢失了大量的观众。本文就这一现象提出国产动画要打破低幼化限制,努力向大龄化方向扩展这一策略,并加以阐述。

标签理论及其本土化

标签理论是 20 世纪 50 年代兴起的犯罪学重要理论,主要讨论越轨行为产生的过程,对于诱发性犯罪具有一定的解释力。随着这一理论传入我国,对我国刑事立法与司法实践产生了较大的影响,促进了我国前科报告制度和社区矫正制度的发展与完善。

具身认知下办公室玩具设计研究

身处职场的成年人群体身心健康问题成为当前关注的焦点话题,压力下的成人群体深受抑郁、焦虑、紧张等负面情绪的困扰,根据成年人童稚化现象,本文聚焦于办公室系列化玩具设计,并与具身认知理论结合,办公室玩具设计实践过程中着重在“情绪层”“执行层”“意象层”与具身认知策略逐一对照,从令85、90后群体印象深刻的童年怀旧玩具中提取象征性元素应用于具体的设计方案,便于以玩具体验进行娱乐的方式引导办公族群体身体行为的改变、借助办公室系列化玩具帮助受众群体排解其负面情绪。

儿童还是成人?——消费主义与大众传媒背景下个人角色扮演的混乱

现今社会,消费主义观念和大众媒介共同影响着人们的生活方式和生活态度,在享受消费与传媒带来的乐趣的同时,人们也在被它们左右和控制。其表现之一就是人们自我角色扮演的混乱,出现了成年化的儿童和儿童化的成年。本文了分析儿童成年化与成年儿童化这一现象,并探讨在形成这种现象的过程中媒介所起的作用。

Study on Main Chemical Compositions of Rice Straw in Three Different Areas of Jiangsu Province

[Objective] The research was aimed to study the main chemical composi- tions of rice straw in the three different areas of Jiangsu Province. [Method] The cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and crude ash of rice straw collected in Huaian, Changzhou and Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province during 2011-2013 were determined. [Result] The change trends of cellulose and hemicellulose in three arrears in differ- ent years were consistent. The cellulose content increased after falling, and hemi- cellulose content presented declining tendency. The lignin content of rice straw fist rose then declined in Huaian and Changzhou in different years, while it presented the declining tendency in Zhenjiang. The ash content of rice straw changed little and was all less than 65% in the three areas in different years. And the chemical composition of rice straw changed significantly in different years. [Conclusion] The research could provide basis for high added-value use of crop straw.

Distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in the skins of normal and albino adult turbot, Scophthalmus Maximus

The distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in skins of normal and albino adult turbots were examined with transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three types of pigment cells of melanophore, iridophore and xanthophore have been recognized in adult turbot skins. The skin color depends mainly on the amount and distribution of melanophore and iridophore, as xanthophore is quite rare. No pigment cells can be found in the epidermis of the skins. In the pigmented ocular skin of the turbot, melanophore and iridophore are usually co-localized in the dermis. This is quite different from the distribution in larvae skin. In albino and white blind skins of adult turbots, however, only iridophore monolayer still exists, while the melanophore monolayer disappears. This cytological evidence explains why the albino adult turbot, unlike its larvae, could never resume its body color no matter what enviroumental and nutritional conditions were provided. Endocytosis is quite active in the cellular membrane of the iridophore. This might be related to the formation of reflective platelet and stability of the iridophore.

Distribution of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the jejunum of adult rat

AIM: To study the distribution of the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the jejunum of adult rat. METHODS: The distribution of endothelial NOS (eNOS) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence histochemical dual staining technique were used for studying the distribution of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and eNOS. The dual stained slides were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS: Positive neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) cells were found to be distributed in lamina propria of villi, and the epithelial cell was not stained. eNOS was mainly located in submucosal vascular endothelia, while nNOS was mainly situated in myenteric plexus. Some cells in the villi had both nNOS and eNOS. More than 80% of the cells were positive for both nNOS and eNOS, the rest cells were positive either for nNOS or for eNOS. CONCLUSION: The two constitutive nitric oxide synthases are distributed differently in the jejunum of rat. nNOS distributed in myenteric plexus is a neurotransmitter in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerves. eNOS distributed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels plays vasodilator role. eNOS and nNOS are coexpressed in some cells of lamina propria of villi. NO generated by those NOS is very important in the physiological and pathological process of small intestine.

Epidemiological trends and geographic variation in hospital admissions for diverticulitis in the United States

AIM:To characterize the increasing incidence and geographic variation of acute diverticulitis.METHODS:Using the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) we identified a cohort who had been admitted with diverticulitis between 1998 and 2005.We calculated age-,sex-,and region-specific rates of hospitalizations for diverticulitis over time.RESULTS:The age-adjusted hospitalization rate for diverticulitis increased from 61.8 per 100000 to 75.5 per 100 000 between 1998 and 2005,and increased similarly in both sexes.Diverticulitis-associated admissions were male-predominant in those younger than age 45 years but were female-predominant thereafter.Admission rates increased the most among those<45 years,while remaining unchanged for those≥65 years.By 2005,the majority of hospitalized patients were<65 years.Age-adjusted rates of diverticulitis-associated hospitalizations were lower in the West(50.4/100000) compared to the Northeast(77.7/100000),South (73.9/100000),and Midwest(71.0/100000).CONCLUSION:Diverticulitis-associated hospitalizations have steeply risen,especially in young adults.These epidemiological trends vary by geographic region and warrant further investigation into potential dietary and environmental etiologies.

Formation and Evolution of Vertisols in Huaibei Plain

The objectives of the present paper are to restore soil-forming environment of the Vertisols,to reveal their regularities of formation and evolution and to found soil chronology.In regard to formation and evolution of the Vertisols in the Huaibei Plain,they have undergone 3 cycles of deposition-formation during different geologic time (Q3^3;Q4^2 and Q4^3).Therefore,they are considered as the soils developed on heterogeneous parent material.The Vertisols as a paleosol can be divided into relict Vertisols and buried Vertisols.The former is shajiang black soils called by local people,the latter is shajiang black soils underlying Warp soil or warp soil horizon.

Glucose Metabolic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Disturbance in the Intrauterine Growth Restricted Adult Male Rats

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes in intrauterine growth restricted adult rats through determination of blood glucose and expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver.Methods Male intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR) offspring induced by maternal protein-malnutrition and normal controls were studied.The body weights of offspring rats were weighted from birth to 12 weeks of age.Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined by glucose oxidase method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) respectively at 1 week,8 weeks,and 12 weeks.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α),phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK),and glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase) mRNA and protein levels in liver were measured by real time RT-PCR and Western blot in newborn rats(Week 1) and adult rats(Week 12).Results Birth weights of IUGR rats were significantly lower than those of controls until 4 weeks later,when IUGR rats caught up to controls.Between 8 and 12 weeks,the growth of IUGR rats surpassed that of controls.No significant differences were observed in blood glucose and insulin levels at newborn rats between the two groups.However,by the end of 8 weeks IUGR rats developed hyperinsulinemia and high insulin resistance index.At the age of 12 weeks,IUGR rats had mild fasting hyperglycemia.In addition,hepatic PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels as well as hepatic mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase at Week 1 and Week 12 in IUGR rats were all significantly higher than those of controls(P<0.05).Conclusions As a result of intrauterine malnutrition,the expression of gluconeogenic genes is exaggerated in offspring.This change stays through adulthood and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

A Simultaneous Optimization Method for the Structure and Compo-sition Differences of a Mass Exchange Network

This article presents a new method to calculate the composition differences （e） for tar g.etin.g the minimum total annualized cost （TAC） of a mass exchange network （MEN）,which is based on the combination of composition interval diagram （CID） with mathematical programming.The total cost target consists of the capital cost of the process units and the operating cost for mass separating agents （MS.As）. The value of total cost varies considerablv with the composition differences, so the values of e should be optimized in order to obtain minimum TAC of a MEN. This articleconsiders ε as a set of unequal variables for each equilibrium equation of a rich-lean stream pair, employing them to build the CID and mathematical model, which optimizes the structure and composition differences simultaneously. Two examples are applied to illustrate the proposed method and the results demonstrate that the approach introduced by this article is simpler and more convenient than the methods in previous literatures.

The Breeding Status of the Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus in the Lebna Dam in Cap Bon, Tunisia

The study of the reproduction of the Glossy Ibis （Plegadisfalcinellus） in Tunisia was undertaken from 2008 to 2010. Until the discovery of nesting in 2008, this species had only been considered as wintering in Tunisia. The Tunisian breeding population resides in the Lebna Dam in the north east of the country where it forms a mixed nesting colony with other species of the family Ardeidae （（Bubulcus ibis （Bi）： 388 pairs, Ardeola ralloides （Ar）： 17 pairs, Egretta garzetta （Eg）： 27 pairs）, （Bi： 300 pairs, At： 25 pairs, Eg： 40 pairs） and （Bi： 400 pairs, Ar： 30 pairs, Eg： 10 pairs） recorded in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively）. All nests were constructed on Acacia horrida. Laying began in early May. The average clutch size over the three years of the study was 3.44 ± 0.73 eggs （N = 29 nests）. Hatching success was 83 % （2.86 ± 1.18 eggs hatched/nest） and 2.65 ± 1.17 hatchlings/nest survived until the age of 10 to 12 days. Egg mortality was 17% during the incubation phase and chick mortality was 7.2%. No interannual variation was detected in these parameters.

Exercise training and antioxidant supplementation independently improve cognitive function in adult male and female GFAP-APOE mice

Purpose： The purpose of this study was to determine if antioxidant supplementation, moderate exercise, and the combination of both treatments could ameliorate cognitive performance in adult mice and whether the apolipoprotein E （APOE） genotype as well as sex could influence the functional outcomes of the treatments. Methods： For a period of 16 weeks, separate groups of male and female mice expressing either the human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms were fed either a control diet （NIH-31） or the control diet supplemented with vitamins E and C （1.12 IU/g diet a-tocopheryl acetate and 1.65 mg/g ascorbic acid）. The mice were further separated into a sedentary group or a group that followed a daily exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on the treatments, the mice were administered a battery of functional tests including tests to measure cognitive and affective function. Results： There was no effect of genotype or treatment on the learning performance in the Morris water maze. In the discriminated avoidance task, APOE4 mice performed better in learning the discrimination component of the task. Overall, exercise improved performance of APOE4 and APOE3 mice on various aspects of the active avoidance task. Antioxidant supplementation improved performance only in the APOE4 mice. On the test for anxiety, APOE4 mice spent more time in the open arms and supplementation with antioxidant reversed that effect. Conclusion： Exercise was the most effective treatment at improving cognitive function in both genotypes and sex, while antioxidants seemed to be effective only in the APOE4. In young adult mice only non-spatial learning and memory were improved. The combination of the two treatments did not yield further improvement in cognition, and there was no antagonistic action of the antioxidant supplementation on the beneficial effects of exercise.

Helicobacter pylori serology in a birth cohort of New Zealanders from age 11 to 26

AIM: To determine seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori)in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) at age 26 in order to investigate seroconversion and seroreversion from age 11 to 26 and the association of seropositivity with risk factors for H pylori infection. METHODS: Participants in the DMHDS at age 26 and retrospectively at age 21 were tested for H pylori antibodies using two commercially available ELISA kits.Gender, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking,educational attainment and employment at age 26 were tested for association with H pylori seropositivity. RESULTS: At ages 21 and 26,seroprevalence of H pylori using one or other kit was 4.2% (n=795) and 6.3% (n=871) respectively, Seroreversion rate was lower than seroconversion rate (0.11% vs 0.53% per person-year) in contrast to the period from age 11 to 21 when seroreversion rate exceeded seroconversion rate (0.35% vs 0.11% per person-year). Serology in those tested at ages 11, 21, and 26 remained unchanged in 93.6% of the sample. Seroprevalence at age 26 was lower among those with a secondary school qualification (P=0.042) but was not associated with gender, SES, smoking or employment status. CONCLUSION: H pylori seroprevalence in a New Zealand birth cohort remains low between ages 11 and 26. H pylori infection remains stable from childhood to adulthood although seroreversion seems to be more common in the adolescent years than in young adults.

Effects of Boscalid on the Antioxidant Enzyme System of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract [Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of boscalid to adult zebrafish （Danio rerio）. [Method] The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, glutathione peroxidase （GPx）, as well as a non-enzymatic antioxidant malondialdehyde （MDA）, in the liver were measured 3, 7, 14 and 21 d post exposure （dpe） to 0.02 （1/100 of acute toxicity）, 0.036 （monitored concentration）, 0.08 （1/20 of acute toxicity）, 0.16 （1/10 of acute toxicity） and 0.32 mg/L （1/5 of acute toxicity） boscalid using a semi-static method. [Result] SOD, CAT, POD, GPx and MDA activity in the liver of zebrafish varied with boscalid concentration and exposure time. Boscalid significantly enhanced MDA content at 21 dpe. A significant upregulation of the activity of SOD, CAT, POD and GPx at 7 dpe was observed, suggesting that boscalid resulted in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. [Conclusion] These results show that these biomarkers are all appropriate for monitoring oxidative stress and the lipid peroxidation status of fish after exposure to boscalid. Key words Boscalid; Zebrafish; Antioxidant enzyme

Asymmetric Response of the South China Sea SST to El Nio and La Nia

The interannual variability of the sea surface temperature （SST） in the South China Sea （SCS） is investigated according to its relationship with E1 Nifio/La Nifia （EN/LN） using monthly products from ICOADS. The SCS SST bears two peaks associated with EN/LN and shows the asymmetric features. Coinciding with the mature phase of EN/LN, the first SST warming/cooling peaks in December（0）-February（1） （DJF（1）） and centers in the southern part. The major difference is in the amplitude associated with the strength of EN/LN. However, the SCS SST anomaly shows distinct difference after the mature phase of EN/LN. The EN SST warm- ing develops a mid-summer peak in June-August（1） （JJA（1）） and persists up to September-October（l）, with the same amplitude of the first warming peak. Whereas the LN SST cooling peaks in May（l）, it decays slowly until the end of the year, with amplitude much weaker. Comparing with SST and atmospheric circulations, the weak response and early termination of the second cooling is due to the failure of the cyclonic wind anomalies to develop in the northwest Pacific during JJA（1）.

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Maturity of Pig Manure Compost at Different C/N Ratios

Aerobic static pile composting (mechanical turning every 3 days) of pig manure was prepared at & m3 windrow heaps. Sawdust was used as the bulking agent to provide additional carbon and to increase the porosity of the substrate. Two treatments at initial C/N ratios of 30 and 15, respectively, were designed in the study. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soluble NH+4-N, C/N ratios in solid and aqueous phases, E4/E6 ratios, and seed germination index (GI) were determined to evaluate the maturity of the co-composts. Seed germination index, a biological parameter, was suggested as one of the most reliable maturity indicators for organic compost. The results showed that the treatment at the initial C/N ratio of 30 reached maturity after 49 days of composting; however, the treatment at the initial C/N ratio of 15 should require composting time of longer than 63 days to obtain maturation. Chemical multi-indicator evaluation was necessary, and the GI measurement was the recommended approach for maturity evaluation in the study.

Assessing MODIS Land Cover Products over China with Probability of Interannual Change

Accurate and up-to-date land cover data are important for climate-change modeling. Quality assessment is becoming critical, as many satellite-based land cover products of differing scales have been released to meet the needs of scientific studies. In this study, the authors assessed the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) land cover products by analyzing the probability of interannual change from 2001 to 2012. The authors found that, cumulatively, 43.0% of MODIS land cover had changed over China from 2001 to 2012 at least once. Of this percentage, 12.1% was considered unreasonable change, 6.1% was considered reasonable change, and areas of confusion accounted for about 24.8%, giving rise to great uncertainty in the products. MODIS Collection 51 products clearly have less uncertainty than the Collection 5 products. Areas of reasonable change occurred in transition zones of ecological, biophysical, and climate gradients, while areas of unreasonable change appeared in heterogeneous landscapes. The misclassifications at three spatial scales of horizontal grids used in regional climate models occurred largely in the heterogeneous landscapes, and the areal percentage of misclassification decreased with larger horizontal grid spacing. In addition, the misclassifications in MODIS products often occurred among specific classes, which are geographically, ecologically, and spectrally similar, with low discriminative spectral-temporal signals. The effect of classification uncertainty should be made known, and further improvements are still needed for application in regional climate models. The authors' findings have important implications for better understanding the uncertainties of MODIS land cover products, and for improving the land surface parameterization for regional climate models.

Effect of keratinocyte growth factor-2 on proliferation of human adult keratino cytes

To investigate the proliferative ef fect of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF 2) on human adult keratinocytes. Methods: The standard medium was keratinocyte growth medium wit hout bovine pituitary extract (BPE), hydrocortisone or epidermal growth factor ( EGF). Keratinocytes from a 48 year old subject were cultured and seeded on dis hes with standard medium of EGF in cell density of 2×10 4/32 mm 2. After 24 hours, the medium was replaced by the standard medium with 0, 4, 16, 125 and 50 0 ng/ml KGF 2, respectively. The standard medium with EGF was used as the posit ive control and the standard medium without EGF or KGF 2 was used as the negati ve controls. The growth of keratinocytes was monitored by 3 (4,5 dimethythiazo l 2 yl) 2,5 dipheyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and by photographs on day s 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Results: KGF 2 in concentrations of 4 500 ng/ml showed a sign ificant proliferative effect on days 5 and 7 as compared with that of the negati ve controls (P< 0.01 ). On day 3 the cells were prolifer ated to 1.5 2.5 fold, on day 5 to 3 5 fold and on day 7 to 3 12 fo ld in KGF 2 medium as that of the negative controls. The optimal response occur red when the concentration of KGF 2 was 125 ng/ml on day 7. Cell proliferation was also consistently higher in all KGF 2 concentrations as compared with that of the positive controls. Conclusions: KGF 2 has significant effects on the proliferatio n of adult keratinocytes, which are more effective than that of EGF. This study supports KGF 2 can improve the healing of chronic wounds in adults in clinic.