螺簧座弯曲-成形模设计

通过对螺簧座零件的分析,了解零件弯曲-成形过程中的特点并确定零件冲压成形的模具结构。对类似零件的模具设计有参考价值。

单片机在弯管机弯曲角成形中的应用

单片机作为弯管机的控制、实时检测、计算中心,实现弯曲角一次成形。

弯曲型件冲压回弹的快速模拟

提出采用一步逆成形有限元法和静力隐式有限元法相结合的弯曲型件拉延回弹的快速混合模拟方法,数值模拟弯曲型板材的成形与卸载回弹全过程。模拟了Numisheet 2002的标准考题之一“无约束圆柱弯曲成形”的卸载回弹过程,并与实验结果进行了比较;预示了货车纵梁的冲压成形过程和脱模卸载回弹过程,回弹模拟后将纵梁6个关键截面的口宽与实测值进行了比较,比较结果说明,快速混合回弹数值模拟方法对弯曲成形卸载回弹预示是快速、准确和有效的。

基于无网格RKPM法的U形弯曲件的回弹分析

作者提出采用动态显式无网格RKPM方法和静力隐式有限元法相结合的弯曲回弹的分析方法,模拟板材的弯曲成形与卸载回弹全过程。采用RKPM模拟板料的成形过程,将成形终了的计算结果导入到有限元分析软件进行回弹分析,并与试验结果及有限元结果进行了比较。比较结果说明:采用RKPM方法与有限元法相结合的方法得到的弯曲回弹角比单独采用有限元法得到的弯曲回弹角更接近试验回弹角。

带可转动凹模U形件弯曲模设计

弯曲是冲压生产中应用广泛的一种工艺。材料弯曲成形后会有回弹,利用组合式的活动凹模,通过计算回弹值,使得工件回弹后精确回弹到90°,可以一次弯曲成形。模具设计有一对可转动凹模,左右两件对称,置于凹模固定座中,当凸模随压力机滑块下降时,首先将毛坯在凹模中弯曲成90°的U形件,当凸模继续下降时,将毛坯件压向可转动凹模,可转动凹模受力转动使毛坯件进一步弯曲成形,当凸模随压力机滑块回升时,弹簧使得可转动凹模反向转动复位。U形件在没有受到外力下开始回弹,由于经过回弹余量计算及调试,弯曲件刚好回弹到需要的尺寸。

平板玻璃表面平整度缺陷类别及其解决措施

系统论述了平板玻璃常见的表面平整度缺陷类型,从宏观的玻璃厚薄差、玻璃板面凹陷或凸起变形、玻璃板边部成形弯曲等到微观的过渡辊道及退火窑辊道造成的横向波纹变形、过渡辊道造成的玻璃板下表面光学变形等,进行了详细阐述,并对其产生原因、形成位置及解决措施都进行了系统分析。

Cryogenic springback of 2219-W aluminum alloy sheet through V-shaped bending

A V-shaped bending device was established to evaluate the effects of temperature and bending fillet radius on springback behavior of 2219-W aluminum alloy at cryogenic temperatures.The cryogenic springback mechanism was elucidated through mechanical analyses and numerical simulations.The results indicated that the springback angle at cryogenic temperatures was greater than that at room temperature.The springback angle increased further as the temperature returned to ambient conditions,attributed to the combined effects of the “dual enhancement effect” and thermal expansion.Notably,a critical fillet radius made the springback angle zero for 90° V-shaped bending.The critical fillet radius at cryogenic temperatures was smaller than that at room temperature,owing to the influence of temperature variations on the bending moment ratio between the forward bending section at the fillet and the reverse bending section of the straight arm.

Creep age forming of 2124 aluminum alloy with single/double curvature

In order to investigate the springback rules, the variation characteristics of physical property and microstructure in bending creep age forming process, a series of creep forming tests of 2124 aluminum alloy were conducted based on three kinds of single and double curvature forming tools. The results show that the spingback rate would be the minimum under the optimal coupling conditions among the temperature, aging time and internal stress state of material. Difference exists in the two directions of the formed sample with double curvature, but the curvature variation keeps the same. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness of the double curvature formed sample appear to be higher than those of the single curvature formed sample under the same aging condition, but the elongation and the anisotropy are opposite.

Forming limit of textured AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet at different temperatures

Repeated unidirectional bending （RUB） was carried out to improve the texture of commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets. All specimens were prepared in the rolling direction. The forming limit diagrams （FLDs） of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet were determined experimentally by conducting stretch-forming tests at room temperature, 100, 200 and 300 ℃ Compared with the as-received sheet, the lowest limited strain of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet with tilted texture in the FLD increased by 79% at room temperature and 104% at 100 ℃. The texture also affected the extension of the forming limit curves （FLC） in the FLD. However, the FLCs of two kinds of sheets almost overlapped at temperature above 200 ℃. It can be concluded that the reduction of （0002） texture intensity is effective to the improvement of formability not only at room temperature but also at low-and-medium temperature. The effect of texture on FLDs becomes weak with increasing temperature.

Influence of microstructure and texture on formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets

The effect of the repeated unidirectional bending （RUB） process and annealing on the formability of magnesium alloy sheets was investigated. The RUB process and annealing treatments produce two effects on microstructure： grain coarsening and weakening of the texture. The sheet that underwent RUB and was annealed at 300 ℃exhibits the best formability owing to the reduction of the （0002） basal texture intensity, which results in low yield strength, large fracture elongation, small Lankford value （r-value） and large strain hardening exponent （n-value）. Compared with the as-received sheet, the coarse-grain sheet produced by RUB and annealing at 400 ℃ exhibits lower tensile properties but higher formability. The phenomenon is because the deformation twin enhanced by grain coarsening can accommodate the strain of thickness.

Effect of geometrical parameters on forming quality of high-strength TA18 titanium alloy tube in numerical control bending

The forming quality of high-strength TA18 titanium alloy tube during numerical control bending in changing bending angle β, relative bending radius R/D and tube sizes such as diameter D and wall thickness t was clarified by finite element simulation. The results show that the distribution of wall thickness change ratio Δt and cross section deformation ratio ΔD are very similar under different β; the Δt and ΔD decrease with the increase of R/D, and to obtain the qualified bent tube, the R/D must be greater than 2.0; the wall thinning ratio Δto slightly increases with larger D and t, while the wall thickening ratio Δti and ΔD increase with the larger D and smaller t; the Δto and ΔD firstly decrease and then increase, while the Δti increases, for the same D/t with the increase of D and t.

成形温度对铝合金型材挤压-弯曲一体化成形回弹及截面畸变的影响

采用实验与仿真相结合的方法,研究了成形温度对挤压-弯曲一体化成形铝合金方管型材的回弹和截面畸变的影响规律及机理,并与冷拉弯工艺进行了对比分析。结果表明:影响回弹量的主要因素是材料屈服强度与弹性模量的比值,该比值越高,型材的回弹量越大,反之则越小;挤压-弯曲时,材料挤出模口后仍处于温热状态,该比值较低,回弹量比T4态、T6态冷拉弯型材减小约50%和75%。截面畸变由外侧拉应力主导,外侧材料的流动不均匀引起型材截面的变形,而型材内侧表面在弯曲模刚性支撑下的变形相对较小;在挤压-弯曲一体化成形工艺中,材料在高温状态下的均匀变形能力好,在0.15 kN的牵引力下,其中心位置处的截面畸变量相较于T4、T6态分别减小约85%和77%。

Deformation behaviors of 21-6-9 stainless steel tube numerical control bending under different friction conditions

For contact dominated numerical control(NC) bending process of tube, the effect of friction on bending deformation behaviors should be focused on to achieve precision bending forming. A three dimensional(3D) elastic-plastic finite element(FE) model of NC bending process was established under ABAQUS/Explicit platform, and its reliability was validated by the experiment. Then, numerical study on bending deformation behaviors under different frictions between tube and various dies was explored from multiple aspects such as wrinkling, wall thickness change and cross section deformation. The results show that the large friction of wiper die-tube reduces the wrinkling wave ratio η and cross section deformation degree ΔD and increases the wall thinning degree Δt. The large friction of mandrel-tube causes large η, Δt and ΔD, and the onset of wrinkling near clamp die. The large friction of pressure die-tube reduces Δt and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on η. The large friction of bending die-tube reduces η and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on Δt. The reasonable friction coefficients on wiper die-tube, mandrel-tube, pressure die-tube and bending die-tube of 21-6-9(0Cr21Ni6Mn9N) stainless steel tube in NC bending are 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.15, 0.25-0.35 and 0.25-0.35, respectively. The results can provide a guideline for applying the friction conditions to establish the robust bending environment for stable and precise bending deformation of tube bending.

Hot bend assisted gas forming of AA5083 sheet for making V-shaped trough containing deep uneven concavities

Employing low pressurized gas for shaping superplastic metal sheets into complex contours has long been adopted in the aero/auto industries and it is commonly recognized as superplastic forming （SPF）. The most undesired feature of SPF would be an uneven thickness distribution in the final formed part. However, there are techniques that lessen this disadvantage. Low pressurized gas was used to make a V-shaped trough containing deep uneven concavities using superplastic AA5083. The auxiliary yet influential procedure of mechanically hot bending the flat sheet into a V-shape precedes the gas-forming process. In this first quick hot-bending operation, buckling will occur if the depth of bending exceeds a certain level. The degree of buckling and associated contours will affect the thickness distribution as well as the wrinkling location in the gas-formed product. A better thickness distribution is obtainable at the cost of wrinkle formation. Wrinkling can be purposely arranged to achieve better uniform thickness distribution, but it needs to be located outside the trim line of the gas-formed semi-product. Therefore, it is critical to manipulate the hot bending procedure to yield a suitable pre-form allowing a successful sequential gas-forming process.

Effects of pre-deformation mode and strain on creep aging bend-forming process of Al-Cu-Li alloy

The bending deformation method was adopted to characterize the creep deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Li alloy in the creep aging forming(CAF) process based on a series of CAF tests, and the evolution laws of its mechanical properties and microstructures under different pre-deformation conditions were studied. The results show that the bending creep strain characterization method can intuitively describe the creep variation. With the increase of the pre-deformation strain, the creep strain of the specimen firstly increases and then decreases. The increase of the pre-deformation strain can promote the course of aging precipitation, and improve the formed alloy’s tensile properties at room temperature, the Kahn tearing properties, and the fatigue propagation properties. Pre-rolled specimens produce a slightly weaker work hardening than pre-stretched specimens, but they also create a stronger aging-strengthening effect;thus the strength, toughness and damage performance can be improved to some extent. Among all the types of specimens, the specimen with 3% rolling after CAF treatment has the best comprehensive mechanical properties.

Bulging in incremental sheet forming of cold bonded multi-layered Cu clad sheet: Influence of forming conditions and bending

Bulge is a defect that causes geometrical inaccuracy and premature failure in the innovative incremental sheet forming (ISF) process. This study has two-fold objectives:(1) knowing the bulging behavior of a Cu clad tri-layered steel sheet as a function of forming conditions, and (2) analyzing the bending effect on bulging in an attempt to identify the associated mechanism. A series of ISF tests and bending analysis are performed to realize these objectives. From the cause-effect analysis, it is found that bulge formation in the layered sheet is sensitive to forming conditions in a way that bulging can be minimized utilizing annealed material and performing ISF with larger tool diameter and step size. The bending under tension analysis reveals that the formation of bulge is an outgrowth of bending moment that the forming tool applies on the sheet during ISF. Furthermore, the magnitude of bending moment depending upon the forming conditions varies from 0.046 to 10.24 N·m/m and causes a corresponding change in the mean bulge height from 0.07 to 0.91 mm. The bending moment governs bulging in layered sheet through a linear law. These findings lead to a conclusion that the bulge defect can be overcome by controlling the bending moment and the formula proposed can be helpful in this regards.

Optimization of press bend forming path of aircraft integral panel

In order to design the press bend forming path of aircraft integral panels,a novel optimization method was proposed, which integrates FEM equivalent model based on previous study,the artificial neural network response surface,and the genetic algorithm.First,a multi-step press bend forming FEM equivalent model was established,with which the FEM experiments designed with Taguchi method were performed.Then,the BP neural network response surface was developed with the sample data from the FEM experiments.Furthermore,genetic algorithm was applied with the neural network response surface as the objective function. Finally,verification was carried out on a simple curvature grid-type stiffened panel.The forming error of the panel formed with the optimal path is only 0.098 39 and the calculating efficiency has been improved by 77%.Therefore,this novel optimization method is quite efficient and indispensable for the press bend forming path designing.

Forming response of AA5052-H32 sheet deformed using a shock tube

The effect of bending pre-strain and pressure on the forming behavior of AA5052-H32 sheets has been studied using a shock tube. Various forming parameters like dome height, effective strain and stress distribution, hardness, and grain size evolution have been measured. Circular grids are printed on the sheets and Hill’s 1948 yield criterion is used to calculate the effective strain distribution. The effective stress distribution is calculated by using the Hollomon’s power law. The strain evolution during the forming process is monitored by mounting a strain rosette at the mid location of the sheet. The strain-time graph confirms the sharp rise in the peak strain and it increases significantly at higher pressure. The variation in the forming parameters asserts that the material stretches uniformly without strain localization. The optical microstructures also depict that the equiaxed grains are stretched and elongated after the shock deformation. This analysis confirms that the forming behavior of the material is dependent both on the degree of pre-strain and the change in pressure.

FEM simulation and experimental verification of roll forming and springback process under complex contact conditions

The application of advanced high strength steel （AHSS） has an important significance in the development of the lightweight of automobile, but the parts made of AHSS usually have defects, such as fracture and large amount of springback, etc. In this paper, a model of multi-pass roll form- ing and springback process of AHSS is established with finite element software ABAQUS. Then a roll forming experiment is performed, and simulation and experimental results have been compared and analyzed. The model is established under complex contact conditions, including self-contact condi- tion. The results shows that during the process of sheet bending, large Mises stresses appear at ben- ding corners. The smaller the bending radius is, the larger the Mises stress and strain are. Thick- ness of sheet metal changes exceeds a certain limit, the differently if the bending radius is different. When the bending radius change tendency of the sheet thickness turns from increase to decrease.

莱钢无芯卷曲热卷箱的高效运行研究

文章介绍了莱钢无芯卷曲热卷箱的控制思想和结构原理,分析了影响热卷箱运行的参数和设备问题,探讨了保持热卷箱高效运行的措施。