语言经济学下地方高职院校英语教育课程设置探索

高职院校的英语教育是以服务地方经济发展为前提的,所以在课程设置方面,都要从这个角度出发。本论文从语言经济学的角度,对高职院校英语教育的成本和效益进行了分析,以及教学中存在的问题,进而结合地方经济的发展的需要,为高职院校的英语教育如何提高教学资源的利用率,避免浪费提出了策略和建议。

Cost-benefit analysis of esophageal cancer endoscopic screening in high-risk areas of China

AIM:To estimate the cost-benefit of endoscopic screening strategies of esophageal cancer(EC)in high-risk areas of China. METHODS:Markov model-based analyses were conducted to compare the net present values(NPVs)and the benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)of 12 EC endoscopic screening strategies.Strategies varied according to the targeted screening age,screening frequencies,and follow-up intervals.Model parameters were collected from population-based studies in China,published literatures,and surveillance data. RESULTS:Compared with non-screening outcomes,all strategies with hypothetical 100 000 subjects saved life years.Among five dominant strategies determined by the incremental cost-effectiveness analysis,screening once at age 50 years incurred the lowest NPV(international dollar-I$55 million)and BCR(2.52).Screening six times between 40-70 years at a 5-year interval[i.e., six times(40)f-strategy]yielded the highest NPV(I$99 million)and BCR(3.06).Compared with six times(40)fstrategy,screening thrice between 40-70 years at a 10-year interval resulted in relatively lower NPV,but the same BCR. CONCLUSION:EC endoscopic screening is cost-beneficial in high-risk areas of China.Policy-makers should consider the cost-benefit,population acceptance,and local economic status when choosing suitable screening strategies.

Cost effectiveness analysis of population-based serology screening and ^(13)C-Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori to prevent gastric cancer:A markov model

AIM:To compare the costs and effectiveness of no screening and no eradication therapy, the population- based Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) serology screening with eradication therapy and 13C-Urea breath test (UBT) with eradication therapy. METHODS:A Markov model simulation was carried out in all 237 900 Chinese males with age between 35 and 44 from the perspective of the public healthcare provider in Singapore. The main outcome measures were the costs, number of gastric cancer cases prevented, life years saved, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from screening age to death. The uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness ratio was addressed by one-way sensitivity analyses. RESULTS:Compared to no screening, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $16 166 per life year saved or $13 571 per QALY gained for the serology screening, and $38 792 per life year saved and $32 525 per QALY gained for the UBT. The ICER was $477 079 per life year saved or $390 337 per QALY gained for the UBT compared to the serology screening. The cost- effectiveness of serology screening over the UBT was robust to most parameters in the model. CONCLUSION:The population-based serologyscreening for H pylori was more cost-effective than the UBT in prevention of gastric cancer in Singapore Chinese males.

Cost-benefit timing for applying slurry seal on actual roadway tests in China

Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no condition indicators designed for determining adequate timing for applying preventive maintenance and little literature relating to the development of pavement performance. This work presented the indicators, including crack ratio （Rc）, rutting depth （DR）, international roughness index （IIR） and sideway force coefficient （CsF） to determine the adequate timing for preventive maintenance in China. The proper ranges of each indicator to apply to preventive maintenance were then recommended. They are 0.28%-1.4% for Rc, 10-15 mm for DR, 1.97-3.5 for lrR, 40--50 for CSF. Based on pavement condition survey data collected on the test roads in Hebei Province, China, on the application of slurry seal at different timings, the pavement performance was established and the adequate timings for applying slurry seal was studied. Based on benefit-cost analysis, it is suggested that the fourth year is the optimal timing for applying slurry seal based on the condition in China. A framework is established to determine the adequate timings of applying other preventive maintenance methods.

Cost estimation and control of colorectal cancer screening

Objective:The aim of our study was to estimate the cost of colorectal cancer screening and to provide evidence for the cost control of colorectal cancer screening among general population in rural area of China.Methods:We determined the net cost for colorectal cancer mass-screening in Jiashan County,and evaluated the cost-benefit and cost effectiveness.Results:The compliance rate of primary screening and intensive screening were 84.6% and 78.7%,respectively.In primary screening,the average cost for each individual was 27.2 yuan,and the average cost for identifying one high-risk individual was 180.5 yuan.The mean cost to diagnose one colorectal cancer patient was 42963.3 yuan.As for identification of adenoma,the average cost for each case was 4384.0 yuan.Based on the calculation,the average cost of reducing one colorectal cancer patient was 12768 yuan by conducting the mass-screening protocol.Conclusion:It was beneficial to do the cost-benefit analysis of colorectal cancer screening in area of high incidence.Based on the results of cost-benefit analysis,more efforts should be made to reduce the cost and to improve the efficiency of the colorectal cancer screening.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of China＇s Trade Relations With Sub-Saharan Africa

Trade and economic relations between China and Africa have a protracted history and have developed incrementally over the course of time. Consequently, increasing numbers of Chinese businesses and entrepreneurs have sought partnerships with African companies with the aim of establishing strategic partnerships, collaborations, and joint ventures. In recent years, these Sino-African trading relations have been the subject of consistent debate and scrutiny, attracting positive and negative analyses from scholars and practitioners across disciplines. Some studies questioned China＇s motives in Africa＇s markets, and others viewed with suspicion the structure of Sino-Africa＇s bilateral trading engagements. Conducting an extensive literature survey of related sources and employing content analysis of recent and current data （2000-2009）, the paper examined institutional and academic publications pertaining to Sino-African relationship. It determines imbalance in the structure of Sino-African bilateral trade, negative impact on domestic economic development, and competitive disadvantage in African marketplaces. Policy implications of these findings were provided as well as recommendations for mutual trade benefits and global strategic investments

A Study on Additional Electric Energy Accommodation of Three Gorges Hydropower Station

Considering the additional electric energy generated after the full operation of the underground hydropower station, the electric energy accommodation of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） is reviewed. It is .focused on the additional electricity accommodation, based on the research at the earl）, stage. The electric energ）, accommodation solutions ate recommended as that. based on the cost-benefit analysis of the power distribution area, the additional electric energy of the Three Gorges should be given ptqority to meet the needs at the supply end of Hubei and Chongqing. The results of this research has a reference value on the implementation of the Three Gorges electric power accommodation, after the further optimization of the transmission curves in both wet and dry seasons.

Determining Cost-Efficiency and Regulation Policy for Water Transfer of Lake Balaton by Stochastic Dynamic Programming

The present research is based upon a comprehensive survey which discusses the slightly tolerable water level of Balaton between 2000 and 2003. The low water level of the extreme period caused considerable problems in recreation. Our goal was to investigate the possible water transfer policies and the water level regulation policy of Lake Balaton by applying the dynamic programming of Markov chains. This iteration supports the cost-benefit analysis of different scenarios and also provides information about the best water governing policy. As a basis of our scientific analysis, Markov chains were created by ARMA （autoregressive moving average） synthetic data generator. Profit was joined to each transition-probability for the economic analysis. In our case the profit was negative, because the harmful effects of the low water level should be estimated, which is based on the calculated willingness-to-pay for improving the water quality of Lake Balaton. In addition, the profit includes the cost of different water supplement scenarios. After computer programming, the method proved to be an efficient tool to buttress the cost-benefit analysis of water supplement scenarios. The result highlights the importance of further climate change monitoring. Calculation confirmed water transfer to be cost-effective, yet scenarios with less ecological risk are also effective, thus preferable.

A Comprehensive Audit of Corporate Social Responsibility

As enterprises expand globally, the social value of their operations is assessed on the full range of their contribution to society. Enterprises must be profitable to succeed, but they also should strategically align their operations so far as feasible and sustainable in order to address related social needs. This alignment includes not only the beneficial design and quality of goods and services an enterprise produces, but also enhancing the beneficial effects that its full range of business processes, systems, and practices have on society. A comprehensive enterprise corporate social responsibility （CSR） audit is based on two comprehensive social systems models---one of society as a whole and another of the corporate organization. By juxtaposing these two models--which are mirror images of each other--an enterprise can identify various points where its activities intersect with relevant social needs and can configure its operations so far as feasible to alleviate pressing social issues. Using a comparative cost-benefit analysis, the enterprise determines which systems, processes, and activities need to configure or adapt in order to better address the societal needs that are most critical for its success. They may require the enterprise to re-design products or services, develop new activities or desist in others, or reconfigure processes or systems. Thus, enterprises must decide which options are most feasible in light of the societal benefit they are likely to produce. As creatures of society, enterprises have much to gain by strengthening civil society and addressing its most pressing needs whenever possible within the limits of its commercial mission. What action to take depends upon the firm＇s cost-benefit analysis.

An assessment of Charter airline benefits for Port Elizabeth and the Eastern Cape

Tourism is becoming a vital component for economic development in South Africa. The income generated by the tourism industry is about 6% of the GDP, which is significant but still falls short of the goal set by the White Paper on Tourism in 2000. In the light of South Africa hosting the 2010 Football World Cup, it is important to identify ways of sustainable tourism development that would continue to increase the benefits to the economy long after the event＇s over. The main objective of the research was to explore an idea for increasing the level of tourist income generated in the Port Elizabeth （Eastern Cape） area. The idea was researched by means of conducting a cost-benefit analysis of two tourist related projects. These projects would introduce Charter airline services between Europe and Port Elizabeth. A second objective was to identify constraints on the project or market failures which would prevent their implementation. The economic theory behind the operation of an airline showed that lease costs and aeroplane operating costs are the two most important factors determine Charter airline＇s profitability. In order to offset these costs, airlines must achieve high passenger load factors. Charter airlines have the advantage over scheduled airlines, in that they will only fly if a minimum level of people has pre-booked seats. Two aeroplanes were chosen for comparison purpose： an Airbus A 340-300 and a Boeing 767-300ER. The private benefits calculated were based on load factors between 80 and 95 percent for ticket prices of USD 667 and USD 773. In addition, to private costs and benefits, social benefits were also estimated in the form of additional secondary revenue generated. With the introduction of net social benefits, both projects become profitable. A 50 percent substitution of revenue generated by the Charter tourists reduces the profits for the both projects drastically. A project based on a Boeing 767-300ER is the most efficient project as it has the highest NPV and BCR values. A reduction in the lease cost of the Airbus 340-300 could make projects based on it more competitive. A few constraints on the establishment of a Charter airline operator based in Port Elizabeth are： the lack of adequate runway for the landing of the long-haul carriers and the need of a larger liberalisation of the aviation policy by eliminating protectionism. The cost benefit analysis undertaken in this research does not take into account social costs and benefits to the economy of establishing a Charter airline based in Port Elizabeth, such as an employment, infrastructure development and poverty alleviation. Nevertheless the analysis does suggest that there are strong private and social benefits warranting the establishment of an airline business between Europe and Port Elizabeth. The economic benefits of the tourism industry and its link to airline travel are outlined in section 3. It is shown that the growth of the airline industry is a major component and contributor to tourism growth.

Replacement of Fish Meal with Graded Levels of Earthworm Meal in the Diet of Fingerlings： Effect on Feed and Growth Parameters

The study was aimed at evaluating growth response of Heteroclarias fingerlings fed diet in which fish meal was substituted with graded levels of earthworm meal. The replacement levels were 0.00%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% designated as Eo, E25, Es0, E75 and El00, respectively. Fingerlings used for the work were obtained through artificial insemination of brood stock （purchased from local farmers） with ovaprim in the laboratory. The resulting fry were reared and fed with cultured plankton for 2 weeks followed by 100% fish meal for another two weeks. Thereafter sixteen fingerlings weighing 4.73 g and measuring 6.512 mm standard length （on the average） were starved over night and reared in five indoors tanks （0.8 ~ 0.5 ~ 0.5 m） in duplicate for eight weeks. Fingerlings were fed on graded earthworm meals of 40% protein twice daily at 08：00 and 16：00. The highest mean weight （6.77 g）, specific growth rate （0.86） and protein efficiency ratio （0.6） were obtained at 50% replacement level. Also, Food conversion ratio was the highest at 50% substitution level and lowest at 0.00% substitution, indicating that fingerlings use earthworm containing meal more efficiently. Furthermore, cost benefit analysis revealed that the profit index for 50% inclusion of earthworm meal was the highest （1.71） and the highest net profit of N374.32 （circa $2.3） was achieved at this level. Water quality parameters observed were within tolerable values for the fingerlings well being. Consequently, farmers are advised to use 50% earthworm meal in place of fish meal for formulation of Heteroclarias fingerlings diet. This will drastically reduce production cost, increase farmers profit and enhance the biological value of our menu.

Joining Paths and Dividing Paths： Juiz de Fora, Brazil

The aim of this paper is to present the urban history of Juiz de Fora, a city with some 500,000 inhabitants in southeastern Brazil, and discuss how strategic decisions about the planning and construction of roads and highways can determine ways of life in a city. While paths may integrate landholdings and territories, they may also segregate communities and environments, causing deep rifts in the fabric of urban and land areas. The growth of Juiz de Fora is particularly marked by the construction of paths. This article reviews the local urban history from the establishment of paths in the city, to an analysis of the major impact and benefits they have had, notably on the local economy and demographics, as well as on the conservation of the local environment： Issues that are frequently relegated to a secondary role in the cost-benefit analysis of the city＇s planning decisions. After analysis of the case study, the authors concluded that citizens should be included on the agenda of the city, from spectators to actors of daily urban life.

A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to Cost-Benefit Analysis within the Framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-FSA Studies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （FSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.

Human Resource Accounting： Costs and Benefits Analysis

Human resource accounting is related with intellectual capital in literature. This study adds another dimension for human resource accounting field. It is costs, human resource management related costs. Research topic is intellectual capital and human resource costs in human resource accounting. Research question is that human resource accounting is technic of management accounting. Research methodology is the case study approaches. Main result of study is that human resource costs are recorded in financial accounting and this information might be used by human resource leaders and other executives. Further, human resource of company may be recorded as intellectual capital in balanced sheet. Quantity of record might become total compensation of firms. In conclusion, HR accounting is management accounting technic with its support for information role and decision-making role.

Self-Dealing Among Convergence and Path-Dependency Opportunities： An Empirical Analysis of Regulatory From Six European Countries

Self-dealing refers to all kinds of transactions and operations diverting value from a company to corporate controllers. In order to tackle self-dealing, academics and regulators have emphasised the legal tools. However, there is a divergence between those supporting the existence of a benchmark model towards which to converge （convergence hypothesis） and those underscoring the importance of socio-economic factors on the efficacy of governance rules （path-dependency view）. The aim of this paper is to join in the convergence vs. path-dependency debate by focusing on the efficiency of mandatory rules and investigating their effectiveness. Considering the current market integration, the traditional cost-benefit analysis has been extended in order to embrace costs specifically associated to the issue of domestic rules in a global scenario. This analysis supports the convergence view and encourages at least a partial and gradual adjustment of national legislations towards the prevailing Anglo-Saxon model. In order to test this hypothesis, an examination of the self-dealing regulatory （on conflict of interests and self-dealing） adopted in some Western （Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom （UK）） and Eastern （Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland） European countries has been conducted.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the EU＇s Anti- Dumping Measures against China

Chinese products are major targets of the European Union （ EU）＇s anti-dumping measures. By making an empirical analysis using official data published by the Statistical Office of the European Commission （ Eurostat）, the authors conclude the EU＇s anti-dumping actions may not necessarity be helpful, Instead, the actions impose a high cost on EU consummers and make EU enterprises＇ costs rise.Eventually, Chinese enterprises will suffer a heavy toll and EU enterprises will also suffer from weakened competiveness.

The Bruce Highway Action Plan Program Evaluation

The BHAP （Bruce Highway Action Plan） Program Evaluation was a momentous task conducted in most part by the TMR （Transport and Main Roads） CBA （cost benefit analysis） team. The evaluation included 189 overtaking lanes, 404 km of road widening and shoulder sealing in various places between Brisbane and Cairns, 56 capacity focused projects and 16 flood immunity focused projects. The total projected capital costs of all projects proposed as part of the BHAP amounted to over 16 billion dollars. The program evaluation conducted, due to the short timeframes, lack of available data and strategic nature of the plan, has been ＂coined＂ a strategic evaluation. This paper focuses on the methodology applied to the projects proposed in the BHAP. A TMR designed project/program evaluation model （CARP （Concise Analysis of Road Programs） V1.0） was used to evaluate the majority of the proposed BHAP projects. The model produces streams of discounted benefits and costs of the projects and program using limited and incomplete data. The large scale of work and the close proximity of projects allowed for an integrated approach to the analysis, which considered the impact projects have on each other. The result of the program, if all evaluated projects are included, is a BCR （benefit cost ratio） of approximately 0.7l at a discount rate of 7%. If the less viable projects are removed from the program, the program can obtain a benefit cost ratio of greater than 1 with a sufficiently large number of projects remaining.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Filgrastim versus Placebo in Post AIIogentic Bone Marrow Transplantation

Filgrastim is used to accelerate hematopoietic recovery after ABMT （allogeneic bone marrow transplantation）. Its impact on the total cost of patient care remains to be explored. We therefore undertook a cost effectiveness analysis in the context of a randomized single blinded clinical trial of Filgrastim versus placebo in post ABMT. A primary endpoint, duration of myelosuppression, and three secondary end points （number of days of fever, length of hospital stay, survival at one hundred days） were used to assess efficacy. Direct costs were evaluated and allowed the calculation of the ICER （incremental cost-effectiveness ratios） for the major endpoint of the trial. Sixteen patients were included in the study. The duration of myelosuppression was significantly decreased in the Filgrastim arm with medians of 15 days vs. 19 days in the placebo arm （p = 0.023）. Cost analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two arms. According to the calculation of ICER, Filgrastim was more costly and more effective than placebo for the number of days of aplasia avoided and the number of days with fever avoided. Placebo strictly dominated filgrastim for days of hospitalization avoided. Filgrastim has proven effective in reducing the duration of aplasia without increasing costs.

Analysis on Human Resource Outsourcing in Chinese Government

Social and economic development, the deepening of the reform of our government have higher requirements, then the Government is an important step in the implementation of human resources outsourcing, is now the phenomenon of corporate human resources outsourcing has been very common, the Government also needs further enterprise, This paper studies the cost-benefit analysis of government human resource outsourcing by deepening the understanding of human resource management and the comparative analysis of government and enterprise human resource management to verify whether it is feasible and the way to outsource human resource management. The content has made the detailed analysis, to study our country government＇s human resources outsourcing question has the vital significance.

Faster Focus Group Interviews--CurroCus Groups--An Improved Faster Approach to Collect Consumer Data

There is a need for cost-efficient methods in consumer research. Existing qualitative methods are expensive to conduct. This paper aims to improve the focus group method. The objective was to improve focus groups with different aims： shorter time conducting interviews, interview greater number of respondents, deliver results faster than traditionally analysis of data, and lower total cost. CurroCus groups of 15-45 minutes duration were tested in five different experiments, including 70 to 160 respondents in groups of 7-11 respondents. The name of the new method is formed from the word ＂Curro＂ in Latin that means speed in English, and ＂Cus＂ that is the last syllable of the word ＂focus＂, thereby forming a new word： CurroCus~ on the method. The results from testing of the CurroCus~ group method at different cases showed that trained moderators and observers could collect relevant responses in a given time for each group. It was possible to process a number of 6 to 10 respondents for each group. By conducting several successive groups, saturation of information was reached after an adequate number of CurroCus~ groups. Therefore, the total number of respondents can be optimized and results can be more precise, with reduced risk of inaccuracy. At the same time, the cost for each case can be lowered substantially, in our cases to approximately 1/10 of a traditional focus group cost. The role （skills） of the moderator is important. A disadvantage is the risk that some of the respondents are not able to express their thoughts in due time when time is limited. There is a need for more research on all parts of the CurroCus group process.