信息披露质量、融资成本差距与企业信贷资源配置

文章选取2011—2020年民营性质的上市公司数据,本文分析了信息披露质量对企业信贷资源配置规模、结构和成本的影响,并考察债务与股权融资成本差距的调节效应。实证发现,信息披露质量显著提高了企业的信贷资源规模、降低了信贷成本,且相对于大型企业,中小企业的“优化效应”更明显。信息披露质量的提升也能显著改善中小企业信贷期限结构,增加中小企业长期借款配置比重,但在大型企业中不成立。融资成本差距在二者关系间承担了调节效应,债务成本相对于股权融资成本越高,信息披露质量对企业信贷资源规模、信贷成本的正效应越弱,同时也会弱化对中小企业信贷期限结构的正效应。

中国生猪生产成本变动及动因分解——基于中美比较

基于2000—2021年中美生猪生产成本数据,采用成本要素分解方法,剖析中国生猪生产成本增长以及中美生猪生产成本差距变动的影响因素。结果表明:2000—2021年,中国生猪生产成本逐年上升,由5.60元/千克增长至17.62元/千克,美国生猪生产成本维持在8~10元/千克。中美生猪生产成本优势自2007年起发生翻转,且差距逐步拉大;中国生猪生产成本增长的主要驱动因素在于饲料成本、仔猪成本和人工成本的增长,美国生猪生产成本下降的主要原因在于仔猪成本和人工成本的明显下降;中国生猪生产成本增长是中美两国生猪生产成本差距拉大的最主要因素,2000—2021年中国生猪生产成本增长对中美生猪生产成本差距拉大的贡献份额高达79.63%。据此,建议中国进一步优化生猪生产效率,提升能繁母猪繁育效率,提高人工投入产出效率。

中美农产品生产成本差距缘何越来越大--以生猪为例

本文以生猪为例,通过对成本要素分解并运用纵向比较法,对中美农产品生产成本差距扩大的原因进行解析。研究发现,中美生猪生产成本差距扩大归结于中国成本上升、美国成本下降,以及人民币对美元的汇率升值,分别贡献21%、50%和29%;而饲料、仔猪、人工和其它成本差距分别贡献21%、41%、20%和18%;中国仔猪价格上升及美国仔猪价格、人工和其它投品数量下降是差距扩大的主要推动因素,分别贡献18%、19%、33%和12%。中国农产品生产亟须在生产技术、经营模式、政策制定等方面强化创新,降低生产成本。

劳动力成本上升对企业绩效的影响——基于纺织服装上市公司的经验数据

针对当前纺织服装企业所面临的劳动力成本上升问题,以2008—2018年我国纺织服装上市公司为研究对象,采用多元线性回归法,分析了普通员工劳动力成本、高管劳动力成本和劳动力成本差距对企业绩效的影响。结果显示:普通员工劳动力成本、高管劳动力成本与纺织服装企业绩效存在显著正相关关系,而劳动力成本差距与企业绩效则表现为微弱的倒“U”型非线性关系。认为企业和政府需对劳动力成本的上升和差距保持警惕,平衡好公平与竞争二者之间的关系,科学设置劳动力成本差距区间,以发挥其对企业绩效的激励作用。

The Energy Efficiency Gap in Maritime Transport

There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Although the cost reducing effects of some new technologies are well established, companies appear reluctant to innovate despite the financial and societal benefits, as a result of what is referred to as the energy efficiency gap. The global emission impacts of the shipping industry, most notably of greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides are increasingly attracting the attention of regulators, non-governmental organisations and the media, and shipping companies are under pressure to find new ways to reduce their emission footprint. Understanding the determinants of the energy efficiency gap in shipping is then critical in improving the environmental profile of the industry. This paper presents the results of a survey among Norwegian shipping companies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the barriers to implementation of new cost saving technologies. The paper assesses the technical barriers that have traditionally been indicated as the main cause of the energy efficiency gap in shipping. The paper results indicate that next to technical factors, important barriers are constituted also by managerial practices and legal constraints.

Mapping Customer-Supplier Relationships

This paper proposes that organizational performance improvement could be achieved through improving the relationship between suppliers and customers. Accordingly, the paper proposes that performance could be improved by properly managing differences （gaps） that are usually found between customers＇ expectations and of suppliers perception with respect to services delivered. The paper also proposes that gaps in the relationship between customers and suppliers could be analyzed using mapping techniques. The paper points to the possibility of finding perception gaps and expectation gaps in the interrelated value attributes of goods and/or services; namely quality, cost, and time of delivery of goods or services to customers. In addition, the paper suggests that those gaps may impact on the performance from the perspectives of quality, cost, and speed of delivery of the service. It is envisaged that this research could assist management in controlling cost and avoid wastage and improve organizational performance.

补贴门槛调整与战略性新兴产业发展

政府对战略性新兴产业的补贴时,补贴门槛的变化既会对微观企业的质量升级激励产生直接影响,同时也会改变产业内部的竞争强度,进而对补贴效果产生间接影响。本文通过建立一个基于纵向质量差异的双寡头竞争模型,分析了政府调整补贴门槛对产业发展和社会福利的影响。研究结论显示,当战略性新兴产业中企业之间存在较大成本差距时,降低补贴门槛能够有效缓解企业的"质量升级惰性",提高整个行业的产品质量水平。在降低补贴门槛的过程中,不同的生产者和消费者会受到差异化的影响。具体来说,优势企业利润下降的同时,劣势企业的利润变化存在不确定性,但是行业总体利润会严格下降;除了质量偏好最低的那部分消费者福利不变,其他消费者都会严格获益,并且消费者总剩余严格提升。总体来看,消费者剩余的增进要高于生产者剩余的损失,因此社会总福利在补贴门槛下降的过程中严格提高。最后,本文还发现在政府监管效率较低时,调整补贴门槛的政策效果会存在很高的不确定性。