基于SFA的高校科技产业成本-效益效率及其影响因素实证分析——来自教育部直属高校的证据

我国高校校办产业作为世界高等教育史上的独特现象,一直得到政府、社会和学术界的广泛关注。文章基于随机前沿方法(简称SFA),利用2007年我国教育部直属高校校办产业相关数据,实证分析了其成本-效益问题,旨在通过严格实证分析探索我国校办产业运营效率的近况及主要的内外部影响因素。研究结果表明,校办产业的成本费用与其销售收入呈倒U型关系,与其利润总额和上交税金呈负向关系;影响校办产业成本-效益效率的主要因素有:高级职称人员比例、所在省区GDP值,所属高校的综合排名以及所拥有的上市公司数目。文章还详细分析了各高校校办产业成本-效益效率值的大小,并提出了相应的政策建议。

成本-效率原则下构建区域医疗设备共享平台的探索

近年来,我国医疗设备不断推陈出新,种类逐渐增多,但在使用上却呈现部分医疗机构设备闲置过剩和设备紧缺的两级分化状态。为节约成本,整合医疗资源,提高医疗设备的使用效率和服务空间,文章以北京朝阳医院为例,就医院所在区域医疗设备的整合进行探索,并结合共享医疗资源遇到的实际困难提出相应对策。首先,细化医院医疗设备资源分配流程,结合实际选择适合共享的设备,达到控制医疗资源成本的效果。其次,按照政府投入的医疗设备进行有效调配,达到整合资源、分配均衡等效果。最后,希望通过北京朝阳医院医疗设备整合的经验,为区域医疗设备共享提供参考。

Determining Cost-Efficiency and Regulation Policy for Water Transfer of Lake Balaton by Stochastic Dynamic Programming

The present research is based upon a comprehensive survey which discusses the slightly tolerable water level of Balaton between 2000 and 2003. The low water level of the extreme period caused considerable problems in recreation. Our goal was to investigate the possible water transfer policies and the water level regulation policy of Lake Balaton by applying the dynamic programming of Markov chains. This iteration supports the cost-benefit analysis of different scenarios and also provides information about the best water governing policy. As a basis of our scientific analysis, Markov chains were created by ARMA （autoregressive moving average） synthetic data generator. Profit was joined to each transition-probability for the economic analysis. In our case the profit was negative, because the harmful effects of the low water level should be estimated, which is based on the calculated willingness-to-pay for improving the water quality of Lake Balaton. In addition, the profit includes the cost of different water supplement scenarios. After computer programming, the method proved to be an efficient tool to buttress the cost-benefit analysis of water supplement scenarios. The result highlights the importance of further climate change monitoring. Calculation confirmed water transfer to be cost-effective, yet scenarios with less ecological risk are also effective, thus preferable.

Multi-objective optimization of rolling schedule based on cost function for tandem cold mill

In terms of tandem cold mill productivity and product quality, a multi-objective optimization model of rolling schedule based on cost fimction was proposed to determine the stand reductions, inter-stand tensions and rolling speeds for a specified product. The proposed schedule optimization model consists of several single cost fi.mctions, which take rolling force, motor power, inter-stand tension and stand reduction into consideration. The cost function, which can evaluate how far the rolling parameters are from the ideal values, was minimized using the Nelder-Mead simplex method. The proposed rolling schedule optimization method has been applied successfully to the 5-stand tandem cold mill in Tangsteel, and the results from a case study show that the proposed method is superior to those based on empirical formulae.

Research on Parallel K-Medoids algorithm based on MapReduce

In order to solve the bottleneck problem of the traditional K-Medoids clustering algorithm facing to deal with massive data information at the time of memory capacity and processing speed of CPU, the paper proposed a parallel algorithm MapReduce programming model based on the research of K-Medoids algorithm. This algorithm increase the computation granularity and reduces the communication cost ratio based on the MapReduce model. The experimental results show that the improved parallel algorithm compared with other algorithms, speedup and operation efficiency is greatly enhanced.

Semi-empirical modeling of volumetric efficiency in engines equipped with variable valve timing system

Volumetric efficiency and air charge estimation is one of the most demanding tasks in control of today's internal combustion engines.Specifically,using three-way catalytic converter involves strict control of the air/fuel ratio around the stoichiometric point and hence requires an accurate model for air charge estimation.However,high degrees of complexity and nonlinearity of the gas flow in the internal combustion engine make air charge estimation a challenging task.This is more obvious in engines with variable valve timing systems in which gas flow is more complex and depends on more functional variables.This results in models that are either quite empirical(such as look-up tables),not having interpretability and extrapolation capability,or physically based models which are not appropriate for onboard applications.Solving these problems,a novel semi-empirical model was proposed in this work which only needed engine speed,load,and valves timings for volumetric efficiency prediction.The accuracy and generalizability of the model is shown by its test on numerical and experimental data from three distinct engines.Normalized test errors are 0.0316,0.0152 and 0.24 for the three engines,respectively.Also the performance and complexity of the model were compared with neural networks as typical black box models.While the complexity of the model is less than half of the complexity of neural networks,and its computational cost is approximately 0.12 of that of neural networks and its prediction capability in the considered case studies is usually more.These results show the superiority of the proposed model over conventional black box models such as neural networks in terms of accuracy,generalizability and computational cost.

远程教育经济学关键议题与未来关注重点

远程教育是一种历史悠久、形式多样、能够为大量学习者提供"任何时间和任何地点"学习服务的教育类型。远程教育中蕴含着丰富的经济学问题值得研究者深入挖掘。慕课的崛起使得远程教育受到该领域以外的学者和民众的关注,为远程教育经济学研究提供了重要的时代契机。综观远程教育自诞生以来的经济学议题,集中体现在成本与效率、私人收益、社会收益、交互与社会资本、辍学等方面。具体而言,远程教育不仅具有成本优势,而且具有效率优势;远程学习者的私人收益体现在获得的收入更高、健康水平更高、更容易实现城乡迁移;远程教育的社会收益体现在能提高普通大众尤其是弱势群体的受教育机会;远程学习者虽然存在社会资本的劣势,但其交互成本的逐渐降低正在弥补这种劣势;辍学率高虽然是远程教育的常态并可能带来诸多损失,但远程教育机构依然应积极采取措施进行干预。未来远程教育经济学研究应重点关注远程教育对经济增长的贡献、远程教育生产函数分析、远程教育的财政问题、公平问题和培训等。

Early aggressive therapy for severe extensive ulcerative colitis

The current ulcerative colitis （UC） treatment algorithm involves a step-up therapeutic strategy, mainly aiming at inducing and maintaining its clinical remission. Although this therapeutic strategy may seem to be cost-efficient and reduce the risk of side effects, recent trials and case reports have shown that top-down therapy using infliximab induces a rapid clinical response, enhances patient quality of life, promotes mucosal healing, reduces surgeries and indirect cost of treatment for patients with severe UC. Moreover, since long-term treatment with infliximab is safe and well tolerated, early aggressive top-down therapeutic strategy may be a more effective approach, at least in a subgroup of severe extensive UC patients.

Appendiceal mass:Is interval appendicectomy “something of the past” ?

The need for interval appendicectomy (I.A) after successful conservative management of appendiceal mass has recently been questioned.Furthermore,emergency appendicectomy for appendiceal mass is increasingly performed with equal success and safety to that performed in non-mass forming acute appendicitis.There is an increasing volume of evidence-although mostly retrospective-that if traditional conservative management is adopted,there is no need for routine I.A except for a small number of patients who continue to develop recurrent symptoms.On the other hand,the routine adoption of emergency laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) in patients presenting with appendiceal mass obviates the need for a second admission and an operation for I.A with a considerable complication rate.It also abolishes misdiagnoses and deals promptly with any unexpected ileo-cecal pathology.Moreover,it may prove to be more cost-effective than conservative treatment even without I.A due to a much shorter hospital stay and a shorter period of intravenous antibiotic administration.If emergency LA is to become the standard of care for appendiceal mass,I.A will certainly become 'something' of the past.

China's Rising Labor Cost: Myths and Realities

This paper examines whether China＇s labor cost is too high and rising too fast from the five aspects of macro distribution, corporate cost structure, labor productivity, labor cost structure and international comparison, shedding light on the real causes of rising labor cost. On the basis of our analysis, we propose a few policy recommendations on China＇s macroeconomy and corporate development.

ICT Paradox： Cost Efficiency of Web Based Learning

Indonesia government in this term Directorate General of Higher Education providing grants for ICT infrastructttres supplied through all bequest competitions. The kinds and amount of the grants are various which can be used to provide hardware to make ICT based teaching materials. The government issued a huge amount of funds, therefore, it must be balanced with an optimal utilization. This research aims to analyze cost efficiency of dual mode web-based learning in Indonesia. The object of this research is four higher educations in Indonesia. The analysis is done by comparing the average cost per student and the average cost per subject among 4 institutions. The result showed that there are institutions that issued higher cost compared with the others in producing the same learning media.

Replacement of Fish Meal with Graded Levels of Earthworm Meal in the Diet of Fingerlings： Effect on Feed and Growth Parameters

The study was aimed at evaluating growth response of Heteroclarias fingerlings fed diet in which fish meal was substituted with graded levels of earthworm meal. The replacement levels were 0.00%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% designated as Eo, E25, Es0, E75 and El00, respectively. Fingerlings used for the work were obtained through artificial insemination of brood stock （purchased from local farmers） with ovaprim in the laboratory. The resulting fry were reared and fed with cultured plankton for 2 weeks followed by 100% fish meal for another two weeks. Thereafter sixteen fingerlings weighing 4.73 g and measuring 6.512 mm standard length （on the average） were starved over night and reared in five indoors tanks （0.8 ~ 0.5 ~ 0.5 m） in duplicate for eight weeks. Fingerlings were fed on graded earthworm meals of 40% protein twice daily at 08：00 and 16：00. The highest mean weight （6.77 g）, specific growth rate （0.86） and protein efficiency ratio （0.6） were obtained at 50% replacement level. Also, Food conversion ratio was the highest at 50% substitution level and lowest at 0.00% substitution, indicating that fingerlings use earthworm containing meal more efficiently. Furthermore, cost benefit analysis revealed that the profit index for 50% inclusion of earthworm meal was the highest （1.71） and the highest net profit of N374.32 （circa $2.3） was achieved at this level. Water quality parameters observed were within tolerable values for the fingerlings well being. Consequently, farmers are advised to use 50% earthworm meal in place of fish meal for formulation of Heteroclarias fingerlings diet. This will drastically reduce production cost, increase farmers profit and enhance the biological value of our menu.

Research on Efficient Frontier of Portfolios with Transaction Cost

This paper is concerned with a study on the efficient frontier characters of portfolio with transaction cost. The conclusion is drawn that all portfolios are of positive correlation on the efficient frontier with transaction cost; the sufficient condition for the derivable efficient frontier has also been achieved. Meanwhile, in comparison with the position of the efficient frontier without transaction cost in the plane (σ 2,R), the conclusion has been made that the efficient frontiers with transaction cost drift and its opening shrinks correspondingly. With this study, the content of the efficient frontier is further enriched. It’s very constructive and important for the practical portfolio investment strategy.

Real estate market efficiency: Evidence from Chinese cities

The price in an efficient market can adjust to new information instantaneously to eliminate any arbitrage opportunities. Such a phenomenon is not always observed in the real estate market because of its unique characteristics, which include fixed location, heterogeneity and low transaction frequency. Using housing and office market data of some major cities in China, this paper examines the return and risk characteristics in these markets and assesses market efficiency. It finds that a number of instruments, including lagged quarterly and annual excess returns and, to some extent, the measure of the deviation of price from the intrinsic value, predict future returns. Therefore, weak form and semi-strong form efficiency can both be rejected in these real estate markets. These empirical findings suggest that there is slow price adjustment in real estate markets in China, which may be attributed to inefficient information transmission systems and long searching time in the markets.

Study on engineering audit based on Valuation

in the bill of quantities mode, audit department how to perform the function of supervision, control the cost of the project, to improve the infrastructure investment efficiency to have the important meaning. This article from the valuation list elements of engineering audit mode based solutions, engineering audit under BOQ valuation mode is put forward from the audit information management, engineering contract claim, audit personnel quality etc..

Design, Development and Test of a Small Scale Mango Juice Extractor

Mango fruit （Mangifera indica） is very rich in fibre and vitamin C which are the required nutrients for good health and easy digestion of food in human body system. However, the fruit is highly perishable in its natural state after harvest due to the chemical deterioration and environmental effects. Due to the perishable nature, abundant wastage during the production season and relative scarcity during the off season were recorded by farmers. Processing the fruit into the form that can easily be stored, preserved, packaged, transported or consumed is crucial to having the product all the year round. Besides, mango juice can be consumed freshly, processed into dry powder, mixed or blended with other juice to make fruit jams, or evaporated to concentrates. These products have a lot of potential in food and beverage industries for export and foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, a small scale machine to process mango fruits to high quality juice is highly essential to reduce the postharvest loss and then add value to the commodity. To achieve this purpose, an abrasion-macerating device （AMD） was designed, fabricated and tested for small scale mango juice extraction. Design considerations focused on the techno-economic status of the micro and small scale fruit juice processors who are the intended users of the machine. The major components of the machine included hopper, perforated drum, screw conveyor, juice outlet, waste outlet, frame, electric motor and motor stand. Other components included screw shaft, the juice collector, top cover and the transmission system. In operation, the screw conveyor conveys and presses the mango fruits against the perforated roughened drum. The abrasion/tearing process of the screw on the flesh of the fruit and further pressing against the drum squeeze enough juice out of the fruit. The juice extracted is drained through the perforated mesh of the juice channel into the juice outlet from where it is collected while the residual waste is collected at the waste outlet. The machine was tested using freshly harvested mango fruits and results obtained showed an average juice yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss of 34,56%, 55.14% and 10.15%, respectively. These values of juice yield, extraction efficiency and low level of extraction loss indicate satisfactory performance of the machine. Powered by a 2.5 hp single-phase electric motor, the machine has a production cost of USD565 with the construction materials being locally available at affordable costs. A cottage mango juice extraction plant based on this technology can provide employment for at least two persons at the same time providing fresh juice at low costs and residual waste as an ingredient for livestock feed manufacturing.