Fruit ripening is a complex process and is regulated by many factors. Ethylene and polygalacturonase （PG）, lipoxygenase （LOX）, expansin （EXP） are all critical regulating factors in fruit ripening and softening p...Fruit ripening is a complex process and is regulated by many factors. Ethylene and polygalacturonase （PG）, lipoxygenase （LOX）, expansin （EXP） are all critical regulating factors in fruit ripening and softening process. With antisense ACS tomato, Nr mutant tomato and cultivated tomato as materials, Northern blot hybridization showed that PG, LeEXP1 and LOXexpressed differently in different parts of cultivated tomato fruit during ripening, which was related to fruit ripening. The ripening process of columella and radial pericarp was faster than pericarp. In both Nr mutant and antisense ACS transgenic tomato fruit, expression levels ofPG, LeEXPI and LOXwere generally lower than those in cultivated fruit but still related to fruit ripening. The expression levels ofPG, LeEXP1 and LOX increased in the mature green tomato fruits after 0.5 h treatment with ethylene （100 μL/L）. These results indicate that gene expression ofPG, LeEXP1 and LOXwere positively regulated by ethylene. The time and cumulative effect of the concentration exists in the expression of PG regulated by ethylene. The regulation of LOX expression mainly depended on the fruit development after great amount of ethylene was produced. PG played a major role in ripening and softening of tomato fruit, and cooperated with the regulation of EXP and LOX.展开更多
Initiated and approved in 2009,the project of Development Pattern and Implementation Design of Smart Energy Resource Grid in China is now accomplished with the research achievement released to the public and highly va...Initiated and approved in 2009,the project of Development Pattern and Implementation Design of Smart Energy Resource Grid in China is now accomplished with the research achievement released to the public and highly valued by authorized organizations such as the Global Smart Grid Federation.In this paper,based on the description of the research achievement,the advantages of the smart energy resource grid in China and the consequential changes are analyzed and discussed,involving the industries of electric power,oil and gas,energy storage,water supply,architecture and transportations etc.展开更多
The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,including the principle of common bu...The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,shall apply to the new climate agreement to be adopted at the Paris Conference on Climate Change in 2015.Decisions on other heavily debated items,including the intended nationally determined contributions,were also made at the Lima Conference.The significant achievements in Lima and the positive momentum have laid a solid foundation for the adoption of a new climate agreement in the Paris Climate Conference.Four measures are proposed for China to meet great challenges in addressing climate change beyond 2020,including early formulation and issuance of a climate change law,establishment of a greenhouse gas emission trading scheme,promotion of advanced climate technology investments,and further international engagement for climate change.展开更多
Recent eruption of Unzen Volcano in 1991-1995 caught attention of scientists all over the world because of disastrous character of previous one in 1792. Intrusion of andesitic magma to the chamber with rhyolitic magma...Recent eruption of Unzen Volcano in 1991-1995 caught attention of scientists all over the world because of disastrous character of previous one in 1792. Intrusion of andesitic magma to the chamber with rhyolitic magma is proposed to be a trigger for these eruptions. T-P-X parameters of two end-member magmas have been estimated several times, but usually estimations are based on phenocrysts assemblages. New results of this research are based on mafic enclaves and groundmass. These results are significant for magma mixing and mingling theory.展开更多
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with indep...This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with independent farming, agricultural cooperatives reduce transaction costs by 48 yuan/mu and increase farmers＇ net income by 321 yuan/mu. Other factors found to influence transaction costs and farmers＇net income were farmer＇s gender, educational attainment, farm size, the availability of market information, distance to market, and level of government support. Independent farmers＂ most common explanations for not participating in agricultural cooperatives were that doing so would not reduce transaction costs significantly and that the cooperatives would impede the autonomy of their decision-making.展开更多
基金Supported by National Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2006BAD22B01)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30800767)Postdoctoral Fund of China (No.20080430725)
文摘Fruit ripening is a complex process and is regulated by many factors. Ethylene and polygalacturonase （PG）, lipoxygenase （LOX）, expansin （EXP） are all critical regulating factors in fruit ripening and softening process. With antisense ACS tomato, Nr mutant tomato and cultivated tomato as materials, Northern blot hybridization showed that PG, LeEXP1 and LOXexpressed differently in different parts of cultivated tomato fruit during ripening, which was related to fruit ripening. The ripening process of columella and radial pericarp was faster than pericarp. In both Nr mutant and antisense ACS transgenic tomato fruit, expression levels ofPG, LeEXPI and LOXwere generally lower than those in cultivated fruit but still related to fruit ripening. The expression levels ofPG, LeEXP1 and LOX increased in the mature green tomato fruits after 0.5 h treatment with ethylene （100 μL/L）. These results indicate that gene expression ofPG, LeEXP1 and LOXwere positively regulated by ethylene. The time and cumulative effect of the concentration exists in the expression of PG regulated by ethylene. The regulation of LOX expression mainly depended on the fruit development after great amount of ethylene was produced. PG played a major role in ripening and softening of tomato fruit, and cooperated with the regulation of EXP and LOX.
文摘Initiated and approved in 2009,the project of Development Pattern and Implementation Design of Smart Energy Resource Grid in China is now accomplished with the research achievement released to the public and highly valued by authorized organizations such as the Global Smart Grid Federation.In this paper,based on the description of the research achievement,the advantages of the smart energy resource grid in China and the consequential changes are analyzed and discussed,involving the industries of electric power,oil and gas,energy storage,water supply,architecture and transportations etc.
文摘The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,shall apply to the new climate agreement to be adopted at the Paris Conference on Climate Change in 2015.Decisions on other heavily debated items,including the intended nationally determined contributions,were also made at the Lima Conference.The significant achievements in Lima and the positive momentum have laid a solid foundation for the adoption of a new climate agreement in the Paris Climate Conference.Four measures are proposed for China to meet great challenges in addressing climate change beyond 2020,including early formulation and issuance of a climate change law,establishment of a greenhouse gas emission trading scheme,promotion of advanced climate technology investments,and further international engagement for climate change.
文摘Recent eruption of Unzen Volcano in 1991-1995 caught attention of scientists all over the world because of disastrous character of previous one in 1792. Intrusion of andesitic magma to the chamber with rhyolitic magma is proposed to be a trigger for these eruptions. T-P-X parameters of two end-member magmas have been estimated several times, but usually estimations are based on phenocrysts assemblages. New results of this research are based on mafic enclaves and groundmass. These results are significant for magma mixing and mingling theory.
文摘This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect that participation in an agricultural cooperative has on the transaction costs and net income of apple- growing farmers in Shandong province. Compared with independent farming, agricultural cooperatives reduce transaction costs by 48 yuan/mu and increase farmers＇ net income by 321 yuan/mu. Other factors found to influence transaction costs and farmers＇net income were farmer＇s gender, educational attainment, farm size, the availability of market information, distance to market, and level of government support. Independent farmers＂ most common explanations for not participating in agricultural cooperatives were that doing so would not reduce transaction costs significantly and that the cooperatives would impede the autonomy of their decision-making.
